A&P Final
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| What are the planes that divide the body? | Sagittal plane , dorsal plane, mid sagittal , transverse
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| What are the 4 tissue types? | Epithelia, nervous, connetive, muscle
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| What are the 3 muscle types | smooth, skeletal, cardiac
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| What is the maintance of the body's equilibrium called? | Homeostasis
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| What are the 4 primary elements and their chemical number? | Carbon : (C)-6 * Hydrogen : (H)- 1 *Oxygen : (O)-8 *Nitrogen : (N)- 7
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| What are the 3 parts of an atom? | Proton, neutron, electron
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| How many electrons can be in each shell? | 2/8/18
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| Abbreviate Potassium, Sodium and magnesium. | k=potassium *Na = sodium *Mg=magnesium
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| What are the 3 types of bonds? | covalent, Ionic, hydrogen
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| What are the three types of reactions and what is the cost for the reaction? | Synthesis reaction=energy , *decomposition reaction = energy,* exchange reaction = no energy)
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| What is the energy required for to happen? | Activaton energy
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| Define Ions. | a charge atom or molecule
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| Def Cation. | Positively charged ion
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| Def Anion: | Negatively charged ion
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| Def Isotope: | Same number of protons and different number of neutrons
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| Define atom: | smallest unit of element
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| What is a molecule? | smallest unit of a compound that retain the properties of that compound
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| What is a catalyst? | induces chemical reaction
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| What are the 4 base pairs of DNA? | Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thyamine,
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| What are the 4 base pairs of RNA? | Adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil
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| what are the 3 types of cartilage? | Hyalin, Elastic and fibrocartilage
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| Where is hyaline cartilage found? | As Articular cartilage at the ends of bones, in joints and connects ribs to sternum
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| Where is Elastic cartilage found? | epiglottis and the pinnae
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| Where is fibrocartilage found? | between the vertebrae, bones of the pelvic girdle and knee joint
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| what are the 3 different types of fibers in the tissue? | elastic, collagenous, reticular
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| what type of cell remodels bone? | Osteoclast
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| What type of cells form bone? | Osteoblasts
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| What are the three types of joints? | *Fibrous:immovable(skull bone)
*cartilaginous: slightly movable (disks between the vertibrae)
*synovial: freely movable(shoulder joint)
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| How are bones classified? | Long, short, flat and irregular
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| Muscle attachment site that is movable? | Insertion
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| Muscle attachment site that is stable? | Origin
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| Define Prime mover: | Agonist
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| Define antagonist: | Against movement
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| What is a synergist? | A muscle that contracts with another at the same time.
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| What type of muscle stabilizes joints? | Fixator
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| What are the phases of the ECG? | *P-wave (Atrial Contraction ) * QRS complex (Ventricular contraction) *T wave (ventricular repolarization)
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| What are the hormones associated with fight or flight? | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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| What are the structures of the muscle cell? | *I-Band actin/ thin ) *A –band (myosin/ thick) *Z-band (vertical band)
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| What is the PNS composed of? | Peripheral nervous system/ everything except the brain and spinal cord
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| What is the CNS composed of? | Central nervous system/ Brain and spinal
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| What are the various parts of the brain? | cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem.
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| What part of the brain is for higher intelligence and is also the largest component? | cerebrum
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| What part of the brain allows for coordination and balance? Is also the second largest component | Cerebellum
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| What is the nervous system passage between the primitive brain stem and the cerebrum | Diencephalon
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| What is the connection between the brain stem and the spinal cord? |
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| What are the enzymes that recycle neurotransmitters? | MOA, COMT, Acetylcholinestrase
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| What hormones are produced in the reproductive system and where they are produced? | Teststerone= testis * estrogen/progesterone = ovaries
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| What are the male and female gonads? | Ovaries and testes
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| What are the components of the nephrons? | Glomerulus, bowmans capsule, afferent /efferent arterioles, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, loop of henle , collecting ducts
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| What are the fat soluble vitamins? | ADEK
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| Numerical dental formula | *100 U/R *200 L/R *300 L/L *400 U/L
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| Parietal cells produce what in the stomach? | Hydrochloric acid
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| Chief cell produce what in the stomach? | pepsinogen
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| Mucous cells produce what in the stomach? | mucus
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| G-cells produce what in the stomach? | Gastrin
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| Alpha cells produce what in the pancreas? | glucagon
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| Gas exchange occurs where? | in the alveoli
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| What are the 5 primary structures of the respiratory tract? | Nares , nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
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| What are the 4 primary structures of the lower respiratory tract? | Bronchi, bronchioles, aveolar ducts, alveoli
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| What are the 4 portions of the neuron? | soma, dendrites, axon, axon terminals
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| What are the main components of the urinary system? | 2 Kidneys , 2 ureters , 1 bladder and 1 urethra
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| What is the k-9 dental formula? | I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3
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| What is the feline dental formula? | I3/3 C1/1 P2/3 M1/1
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| What is the bovine dental formula? | I0/3 C0/1 P3/3 M3/3
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| What is the puppy dental formula? | i3/3 c 1/1 p3/3
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| The spinal vertebrae are broken into what sections? | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
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| The body's skeleton is broken into what 2 sections? | Appendicular (appendages) Axial (head and trunk)
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| What is the vertebral formula of the cat/dog? | 7-13-7-3
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| What is the vertebral formula of a horse? | 7-18-6-5
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| What is the vertebral formula of a cow? | 7-13-6-5
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| What are the 3 structures of the meninges? | *Dura mater: outermost(fibrous)
*Arachnoid: spiderweb (delicate)
*Pia mater (thin)
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| What are the 3 structures of the brain stem? | medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
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| What are the stages of the Estrous cycle? | Proestrus, Estrus, Metestrus, Diestrus, Anestrus
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| What causes ovulation? | Surge in LH
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| What is the gestation period of the cat/dog? | 2 months
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| What is the gestation of the horse? | 11 months
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| What is the gestation of the cow? | 9 months
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| What are the types of reflexes? | Stretch, withdrawl, crossed extensor
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| What are the sections of the heart and main vein/artery? | R/atrium, R/ventricle L /Atrium L/Ventricle
Aorta, Cranial/ caudal vena cava
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| What are the layers of the heart? | Outside- in
Pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
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| Spermatozoa are produced in the______ through a process called______? | Seminiferous tubules : spermatogenesis
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| Ova are produced in the ___through a process called___ ? | ovary follicles : oogenesis
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| Each spermatocyte equals how many sperm? | 4
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| Each oocyte equals how many ova? | 1
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| What are the 2 main body cavities? | Dorsal and ventral cavities
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| Organs are covered by a membrane called? | Visceral layer
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| The thoracic cavity is lined with a membrane called? | Parietal layer
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| Most common cartilage found in the body: | Hyaline cartilage
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| What is the hardest substance in the body? | Enamel
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| What is the largest organ in the body? | Skin
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| What are the 7 minor elements? | * Calcium: Ca
* Phosporus: P
* Potassium: K
* Sulfur : S
* Sodium: Na
* Chlorine: Cl
* Magnesium:Mg
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| What are the 4 major elements? | *Oxygen:O
*Carbon:C
*Hydrogen: H
*Nitrogen:N
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| Def Mitosis: | Exact cell replication
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| What is the process of mitosis? | PMAT
*Prophase (strands condense )
*Metaphase (lines up in the middle)
* Anaphase (end to end)
* Telephase (final stage)
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| What heart valves are located on the left side? | (PAM)
Pulmonary valve, aortic valve, mitral valve
(Most common side for heart failure)
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| What heart valve is located on the right side? | Tricuspid ( Where HW are found)
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| What are the 6 organelles discussed in class? | Mitochondia, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth/rough ER), Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, peroxisomes
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| _______ is the site of Adenosine triphosphate production in the cell. | Mitochindria
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| ______ transports and stores material in the cell. | smooth and rough ER
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| ______ Is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. | Ribosomes
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| ________ Is the responsible for packaging and shipping in the cell. | Golgi apparatus
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| ______ digests absorbed material in the cell. | lysosomes
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| ______ detoxifies and removes free radicals in the cell. | peroxisomes
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| What are the 2 layers of the bone? | Compact bone :dense outer
Cancellous: spongy inner
periosteum: covers the outside
Endosteum : Lines the inside
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| Describe the process of ovulation. | -FSH stimulates the ovarian follicle, the follicle then ruptures and discharges an ovum
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| Describe the process of DNA replication. | -The DNA unwraps, helicase seperates portions of the DNA, polymerase adds on the complimentary nucleotides, and ligase zips the strand back up
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| What are the 4 primary membranes discussed in class? | Primary membranes include: Mucous (Lubrication), Serous (Absorbtion), Cutaneous (Keratinized; Skin), and Synovial (Lines joint cavities)
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