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A&P Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the planes that divide the body? | Sagittal plane , dorsal plane, mid sagittal , transverse |
| What are the 4 tissue types? | Epithelia, nervous, connetive, muscle |
| What are the 3 muscle types | smooth, skeletal, cardiac |
| What is the maintance of the body's equilibrium called? | Homeostasis |
| What are the 4 primary elements and their chemical number? | Carbon : (C)-6 * Hydrogen : (H)- 1 *Oxygen : (O)-8 *Nitrogen : (N)- 7 |
| What are the 3 parts of an atom? | Proton, neutron, electron |
| How many electrons can be in each shell? | 2/8/18 |
| Abbreviate Potassium, Sodium and magnesium. | k=potassium *Na = sodium *Mg=magnesium |
| What are the 3 types of bonds? | covalent, Ionic, hydrogen |
| What are the three types of reactions and what is the cost for the reaction? | Synthesis reaction=energy , *decomposition reaction = energy,* exchange reaction = no energy) |
| What is the energy required for to happen? | Activaton energy |
| Define Ions. | a charge atom or molecule |
| Def Cation. | Positively charged ion |
| Def Anion: | Negatively charged ion |
| Def Isotope: | Same number of protons and different number of neutrons |
| Define atom: | smallest unit of element |
| What is a molecule? | smallest unit of a compound that retain the properties of that compound |
| What is a catalyst? | induces chemical reaction |
| What are the 4 base pairs of DNA? | Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thyamine, |
| What are the 4 base pairs of RNA? | Adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil |
| what are the 3 types of cartilage? | Hyalin, Elastic and fibrocartilage |
| Where is hyaline cartilage found? | As Articular cartilage at the ends of bones, in joints and connects ribs to sternum |
| Where is Elastic cartilage found? | epiglottis and the pinnae |
| Where is fibrocartilage found? | between the vertebrae, bones of the pelvic girdle and knee joint |
| what are the 3 different types of fibers in the tissue? | elastic, collagenous, reticular |
| what type of cell remodels bone? | Osteoclast |
| What type of cells form bone? | Osteoblasts |
| What are the three types of joints? | *Fibrous:immovable(skull bone) *cartilaginous: slightly movable (disks between the vertibrae) *synovial: freely movable(shoulder joint) |
| How are bones classified? | Long, short, flat and irregular |
| Muscle attachment site that is movable? | Insertion |
| Muscle attachment site that is stable? | Origin |
| Define Prime mover: | Agonist |
| Define antagonist: | Against movement |
| What is a synergist? | A muscle that contracts with another at the same time. |
| What type of muscle stabilizes joints? | Fixator |
| What are the phases of the ECG? | *P-wave (Atrial Contraction ) * QRS complex (Ventricular contraction) *T wave (ventricular repolarization) |
| What are the hormones associated with fight or flight? | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
| What are the structures of the muscle cell? | *I-Band actin/ thin ) *A –band (myosin/ thick) *Z-band (vertical band) |
| What is the PNS composed of? | Peripheral nervous system/ everything except the brain and spinal cord |
| What is the CNS composed of? | Central nervous system/ Brain and spinal |
| What are the various parts of the brain? | cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem. |
| What part of the brain is for higher intelligence and is also the largest component? | cerebrum |
| What part of the brain allows for coordination and balance? Is also the second largest component | Cerebellum |
| What is the nervous system passage between the primitive brain stem and the cerebrum | Diencephalon |
| What is the connection between the brain stem and the spinal cord? | |
| What are the enzymes that recycle neurotransmitters? | MOA, COMT, Acetylcholinestrase |
| What hormones are produced in the reproductive system and where they are produced? | Teststerone= testis * estrogen/progesterone = ovaries |
| What are the male and female gonads? | Ovaries and testes |
| What are the components of the nephrons? | Glomerulus, bowmans capsule, afferent /efferent arterioles, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, loop of henle , collecting ducts |
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? | ADEK |
| Numerical dental formula | *100 U/R *200 L/R *300 L/L *400 U/L |
| Parietal cells produce what in the stomach? | Hydrochloric acid |
| Chief cell produce what in the stomach? | pepsinogen |
| Mucous cells produce what in the stomach? | mucus |
| G-cells produce what in the stomach? | Gastrin |
| Alpha cells produce what in the pancreas? | glucagon |
| Gas exchange occurs where? | in the alveoli |
| What are the 5 primary structures of the respiratory tract? | Nares , nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, |
| What are the 4 primary structures of the lower respiratory tract? | Bronchi, bronchioles, aveolar ducts, alveoli |
| What are the 4 portions of the neuron? | soma, dendrites, axon, axon terminals |
| What are the main components of the urinary system? | 2 Kidneys , 2 ureters , 1 bladder and 1 urethra |
| What is the k-9 dental formula? | I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3 |
| What is the feline dental formula? | I3/3 C1/1 P2/3 M1/1 |
| What is the bovine dental formula? | I0/3 C0/1 P3/3 M3/3 |
| What is the puppy dental formula? | i3/3 c 1/1 p3/3 |
| The spinal vertebrae are broken into what sections? | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal |
| The body's skeleton is broken into what 2 sections? | Appendicular (appendages) Axial (head and trunk) |
| What is the vertebral formula of the cat/dog? | 7-13-7-3 |
| What is the vertebral formula of a horse? | 7-18-6-5 |
| What is the vertebral formula of a cow? | 7-13-6-5 |
| What are the 3 structures of the meninges? | *Dura mater: outermost(fibrous) *Arachnoid: spiderweb (delicate) *Pia mater (thin) |
| What are the 3 structures of the brain stem? | medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain |
| What are the stages of the Estrous cycle? | Proestrus, Estrus, Metestrus, Diestrus, Anestrus |
| What causes ovulation? | Surge in LH |
| What is the gestation period of the cat/dog? | 2 months |
| What is the gestation of the horse? | 11 months |
| What is the gestation of the cow? | 9 months |
| What are the types of reflexes? | Stretch, withdrawl, crossed extensor |
| What are the sections of the heart and main vein/artery? | R/atrium, R/ventricle L /Atrium L/Ventricle Aorta, Cranial/ caudal vena cava |
| What are the layers of the heart? | Outside- in Pericardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| Spermatozoa are produced in the______ through a process called______? | Seminiferous tubules : spermatogenesis |
| Ova are produced in the ___through a process called___ ? | ovary follicles : oogenesis |
| Each spermatocyte equals how many sperm? | 4 |
| Each oocyte equals how many ova? | 1 |
| What are the 2 main body cavities? | Dorsal and ventral cavities |
| Organs are covered by a membrane called? | Visceral layer |
| The thoracic cavity is lined with a membrane called? | Parietal layer |
| Most common cartilage found in the body: | Hyaline cartilage |
| What is the hardest substance in the body? | Enamel |
| What is the largest organ in the body? | Skin |
| What are the 7 minor elements? | * Calcium: Ca * Phosporus: P * Potassium: K * Sulfur : S * Sodium: Na * Chlorine: Cl * Magnesium:Mg |
| What are the 4 major elements? | *Oxygen:O *Carbon:C *Hydrogen: H *Nitrogen:N |
| Def Mitosis: | Exact cell replication |
| What is the process of mitosis? | PMAT *Prophase (strands condense ) *Metaphase (lines up in the middle) * Anaphase (end to end) * Telephase (final stage) |
| What heart valves are located on the left side? | (PAM) Pulmonary valve, aortic valve, mitral valve (Most common side for heart failure) |
| What heart valve is located on the right side? | Tricuspid ( Where HW are found) |
| What are the 6 organelles discussed in class? | Mitochondia, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth/rough ER), Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, peroxisomes |
| _______ is the site of Adenosine triphosphate production in the cell. | Mitochindria |
| ______ transports and stores material in the cell. | smooth and rough ER |
| ______ Is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. | Ribosomes |
| ________ Is the responsible for packaging and shipping in the cell. | Golgi apparatus |
| ______ digests absorbed material in the cell. | lysosomes |
| ______ detoxifies and removes free radicals in the cell. | peroxisomes |
| What are the 2 layers of the bone? | Compact bone :dense outer Cancellous: spongy inner periosteum: covers the outside Endosteum : Lines the inside |
| Describe the process of ovulation. | -FSH stimulates the ovarian follicle, the follicle then ruptures and discharges an ovum |
| Describe the process of DNA replication. | -The DNA unwraps, helicase seperates portions of the DNA, polymerase adds on the complimentary nucleotides, and ligase zips the strand back up |
| What are the 4 primary membranes discussed in class? | Primary membranes include: Mucous (Lubrication), Serous (Absorbtion), Cutaneous (Keratinized; Skin), and Synovial (Lines joint cavities) |
Created by:
brit_2112
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