WCCVETTECH Muscles
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| Muscle | basic tissue of the body; 40-50% of body weight; main function to contract
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| tissue types | epithelium, connective, nervous, muscle
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| muscle fibers | muscle cells; arranged in bundles surounded by fibrous connective tissue
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| muscle fiber cells | bundels of myofibrils
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| muscle cell cytoplasm | sarcoplasm
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| cell membrane | sarcolemma
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| synaptic cleft | space between the motor neuron and muscle fiber
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| synaptic junction | place where a motor neuron contacts a muscle fiber
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| ACETYLCHOLINE | released by the neuron to initiate muscular contraction
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| ACETYLCHLINE inactivated | Acetylcholinesterase
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| Tendon | connetive tissue that attaches muscle to bone
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| Aponeroses | broad flat tendon that attaches muscle to muscle; ex: Linea Alba or White line down th abdomen
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| Belly | wide fleshy part of the muscle
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| origin | least movable attachment
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| Insertion | most movable attachment
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| Flexor | decreases the angle of the joint; biceps flex the elbow
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| extensor | increases the angle of a join; triceps extend the elbow
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| abductor | moves limb away from the median plane
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| adductor | moves limb toward the median plane
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| agonist | prime movers; responsible for prod desired action
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| antagonist | oppose desired action
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| synergist | works with angonist to produce desired action
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| sphincters | muscles surrounding an opening
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| flexion | bending the joint resulting in decrease in angle
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| extension | straightening at a joing resuting in increase in angle
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| abduction | appendage moves away from midline
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| adduction | appendage moves towards the midline
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| supination | turn palm upward
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| pronation | turn palm downward
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| rotation | moving a structure about a point
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| skeletal muscle | striated; voluntary (somatic nerves); multinucleated
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| skeletal muscle consists of | sarcolemmma, numerous nuclei; lots of myofibrils; sarcoplasmic reticulim; tranasvers tubules; sarcoplasm
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| sarcolemma | (blank)
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| myofibrils | (blank)
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| sarcoplasmic reticulum | endopaslmic reticulum of muscle tissue
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| transverse tubules | transmit electricl impulse from sarcolemma into interior of muscle; initiate contraction
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| sarcoplasm | (blank)
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| microfilament bands | A-Band; contain myosin, thick; I-band contains actin
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| Myosin | (blank)
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| Actin | (blank)
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| contraction | overlapping A&I bands; slide together; myofibrils shorten and fibers contract
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| Calcium | diffuses throught the tubules into the interior of the cell to initiate contraction; Muscle fibers will contract as long as calcium is in excess!!
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| Relaxation | ATP; release calcium back to tubules; relax when actin and myosin seperate
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| Rigor mortis | No ATP to force calcium out; myosin and actin remain locked; all muscles stiffen
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| tetany | continuous muscle contraction
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| eclampsia | caused by calcium loss
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| All or None principal | ease striated muscle fiber cell must be stimulated directly; whole fiber then contracts to maximum
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| Cutaneious muscles | cutaneious trunci
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| head and neck | trapezius, masster, brachiocephalicus
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| abdominal | abdomianl obliques, rectus abdominus
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| Thoracic limb | latissiums dorsi, deltoid, triceps, biceps, pectorals
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| pelvic limb | semimembranosus, semitendinosus, quadriceps, gastrocnemius
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| spinal | lumbar, gluteal
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| respirator | internal & external intercostals, diaphragm
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| Smooth muscle | involuntary; non-striated; centralized singel nucleus; spiindle-shaped
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| Plasticity or Elasticity | ability to adjust to being stretched w/out increasing tension (uterus, stomach, intestines, bladder
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| Type of Smooth | multi-unit, 1%, direct nerve stimulation required, found in blood vessels, iris, nictitating memebrane and erector pili muscles; visceral, 99%, syncytium, impulses travel from cell to cell, found in GI, respiratory and urogenital
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| pacemaker cells | throughout the visceral smooth muscle
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| stiumli | mechanical, chemical, hormonal
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| ephaptic conduction | linked electrically, but independing chemically; domino effect, one stiumulted, transfer to a ll surrounding fibers
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| Autonomic Nervous Sys | smooth muscle
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| cardiac muscle | involuntary; striated, found only in heart; intercalated discs
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| intercalated discs | V; allow impulses to move from one cell to another
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| Purkinje fibers | rapid impulse from atria to the ventricles
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| low calcium | tetany and convulsions
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| low potassium | weakness and diarrhea
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| low selenium and V E | muscular degeneration; white muscle disease; selenium required in large animals
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| low magnesium | myopathy; general term referring to any skeletal muscle disease or neuromuscular disorder.
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| Hypertrophy | increase in size; cardiac muscle, excessive work, high altitiudes
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| atrophy | decrease in size; due to loss of nerve supply of lack ofuse
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| Muscle trauma | CPK; creatine phosphokinase, An enzyme present in muscle, brain, and other tissues of vertebrates that catalyzes the reversible conversion of ADP and phosphocreatine into ATP and creatine.indicates muscle damage; ex: inflammation or after and IM injection
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| Eosiniophilic Myositis | Germ Shep; immune mediated; swelling of facial muscles, atrophy in chronic form, difficult to open mouth; > in WC ct, muscle biopsy, corticosteriods and antibiotics
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| organophophate poisoning | insecticides, inhibits acetylcholinestrerase cuasing ACh buildup; muscle spasms and asphyxiation, muscle tetany/spasm; SLUD, Miosis of pupils and Nystagmus
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| SLUD | excessive salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation
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| Miosis of pupils | An enzyme present in muscle, brain, and other tissues of vertebrates that catalyzes the reversible conversion of ADP and phosphocreatine into ATP and creatine.
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| Nystagmus | An enzyme present in muscle, brain, and other tissues of vertebrates that catalyzes the reversible conversion of ADP and phosphocreatine into ATP and creatine.
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| Organophospate poisn; antidotes | atropine sulfate; 2-PAM (protopam)
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| Organophospate poisn; prevention | use products as labeled, avoid use of insecticides
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| White Muscle Disease | calves, pigs, lambs, vitamin E and/or selenium deficiency; stiff movement with arched back; Dx - history, signs, necropsy, blood chemistry
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| White Muscle Disease Tx | sodium, selenite and V/E by injection
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| Exertional Rhabdomyolysis | horses, occ canines; buildup of lactic acid (forced exercise after feed); fever profuse sweating, trembling, rapid pulse, weakness in hindlimbs, stiff gaite myoglobinuria
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| Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Dx; Tx | history, signs elevated CK and AST; Rest fluids, laxatives, anitinflammatories, sedation, massage, diet
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| NSAID | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as aspirin or ibuprofen.
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| NSAID purpose | inhibits enzyme cyclooxygenase (cox); analgesia, anti-pyretic
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| NSAID side effects | GI ulceration, bleeding tendencies, CATS
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| NSAID's | Salicylates (aspirin), Pyrazolone derivatives, Carprofen (rimadyl), etodolac (etogesic), selective COX enzyme inhibitors
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| opioid analgesics | moderate to severe pain, bind to receiptors blocking transmission of pain impulses
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| Opioid classes | agaonist (morphine derivatives) mixed agonist/antagonist
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| Agonist effects | can be reversed, Naloxone, Nallorphine, Naltrexone
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| Pure Agonists | Morphine derivatives (morphine, oxymorphone, meperidine, doceine, fentanyle; class II
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| Pure agonists side eff | respiratory depression, sedation and vomiting, panting and sensitivty to noise, Horses and cats have bad reactions; all effects can be reversed with an antagonist
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| Mixed angonist/antagonist | synthetics; butorphanel (torbugesic) and buprenorphine (buprenex), should not be given with pure agonists, less severe side-effects
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| Muscle relaxants | acute inflammatory cond, methocarbamol (robaxin), intervertebral disks disease, sprains, azoturia
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| corticosterioids | Sterioids, glucocorticoids; Tx inflamation, ruritus, Immune mediated cond, manage not cure; adrenal gland prod similar compounds, cortisol
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| Corticosteriods eff | inhibition of the prostaglandin, stabalization of cell memb to prevent reelase of harmful enzymes, inhibition of antibody formation
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| corticosteriods side effects | inhibition of healing, masking signs of disease, P/P, muscle wasting, polyphagia, suppresion of normal cortisol function, gastric ulceration and liver damage
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| Corticosterioids brands | dexamethasone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, betamethosone, solu-medrol
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