Economic Renewal and Wars of Religion (1560 - 1648)
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| Vikings | from Scandinavia; explored Northeast America in 10th/11th century
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| Marco Polo | Italian who explored China in 13th century; not part of the age of exploration but writings inspired later explorers
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| Prince Henry | aka ___ ___ the Navigator; Portuguese who tryies to find water route to Chine by water; establishes Portuguese exploration and encourages it
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| Bartholomeu Dias | Portuguese who landed in south africa in 1488; discovers tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) and confirms that Portuguese can get to China from around Africa
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| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese who finally reached Asia(China) in 1498; 1st European to get to Asia by water; establishes Portuguese as dominant country in trade with Asia
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| Christopher Columbus | an Italian who sailed for Spain who discovered the "West Indies" from 1492-1504; inspired to find another route to China; Italian city-states cant afford to finance so he goes to Spain instead; convinced he reached outlying islands of Asia
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| John Cabot | Italian who sailed for England and explored northeast north america; thought that if he went farther north, he could get to China
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| Pedro Cabral | Portuguese that explored Brazil in 1500; Brazil is only south american portuguese colony due to Treaty of Tordesillas
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| Treaty of Tordesillas | spilt Asia along a line of latitude into Spain and Portuguese territory; line of latitude extended to South America
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| Amerigo Vespucci | Italian that explored for Potugual and mapped out east south america from 1501 - 1504; mapped Cabral's colony - begins to conclude that it isnt just an island "that's not Asia!"; gets credit and America's are named after him
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| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Spainard who explored Panama in 1513; first European to see Pacific from Americas; named Pacific Ocean
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| Magellan | Spainard who sailed for Portugal and sailed around the world from 1519-1522; begins new era of Age of Exploration; big search to find northwest and southwest passage to Asia
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| Cortes | Spainish conquistador who explored Mexico and defeated the Aztecs in 1519; defeated due to new diseases, help from other indians, more powerful weapons
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| Giovanni da Verranzano | Italian who sailed for France; explored northeast north america in 1523
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| Jacques Cartier | Frenchman who explored Quebec in 1533; in search of northwest passage
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| Francisco Pizarro | Spainard who explored Peru and defeated the Incas in 1535; Spanish conquistador; defeated due to introduction of new diseases, hatred of other Indian tribes, better weapons
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| Sir Frances Drake | Englishman who traveled around the world in the late 16th century; tried to weaken Spanish hold on new world; a privateer/sea dog (like a pirate); second man to travel around the world
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| Sir Walter Raleigh | Englishman who founded Virginia in 1585; wants to establish an English colony in North America
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| Samuel de Champlain | Frenchmen who explored northeast North America in 1608; in search of northwest passage
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| Henry Hudson | England/Holland who explored northeast North America in early 17th century; looking for Northwest Passage
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| Robert LaSalle | Frenchman who explored the Mississippi Valley in the 17th century; land later know as the Louisiana (Louisisana Purchase)
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| entrepreneur | the foundation of capitalism; business person who puts capital at risk (can't have merchantilism unless someone takes a risk)
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| Johann Fugger | first of the German Fugger's, a wealthy German banking family; loaned money and charged a lot of interest on it
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| usury | the practice of lending someone money and charging interest at a right rate; used by Fuggers to make money
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| Fuggerism | the act of lending money and charging a large interest; basically usuary, made famous by the Fuggers
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| mercantilism | country wants to be wealthy, self-sufficient, strong; on an international level this means export more and import less; contries that want to be powerful adopt this policy; for raw materials + natural resources, got to get colonies that have the materials
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| English Poor Law | example of mercantilist policy; forced England's homeless/beggars out of the cities and into work; gov. saying 'you have to go to work and contribute to our sucess'; not a sign of compassion; plus beggars were annoying
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| bourgeoisie | the middle class; often exploited working class
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| grammar schools | England's secondary/high-school like education; education like this could help advance people's social position
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| colleges | French secondary education; education could help advance people's social position
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| hidalgos | what lesser nobles were called in Spain; overlapped with 'middle class' due to education and wealth of middle class
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| plebeians | name for the entire middle class; from big merchants to modest store owners
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| Junkers | lords of northeast Germany; benifited from rising prices and growing agricultural market
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| hereditory subjection | what serfs/serfdom was called in Germany; couldn't do anything, go anywhere without the lord of the manor's permission
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| robot | peasants owing three or four days a week of forced labor; called this in eastern europe; like a poor man's tax (labor tax)
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| corvee | 10 or so days a year that a French peasant owed a lord forced labor; poor man's tax (labor tax)
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| internal tariffs | taxes on imported goods between states of countries, like in New Jersey had a tax on PA; within mercantilism, this system of taxes is a big no - we dont want internal competition, we want economic unity
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| Ferdinand I | inherited the Austrian branch (aka good ol' Holy Roman Empire and Austria) from his father Charles V
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| Phillip II | inherited everything outside of the Holy Roman Empire (aka Netherlands and Iberian penninsula) from father Charles V; "Mr. Counter Reformation"
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| siglo de oro | the 'golden age' of Spain's culture; 1550 - 1650 (you can see that it decline after end of 30 Year's War); this is to Spain as quatrocento is to Italy
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| Cervantes | author of the book Don Quixote
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| Don Quixote | book by Cervantes; example of the richness of Spain's culture
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| Escorial | home of Phillip II; shows his extreme Catholic beliefs, looks and has the feel of a church
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| Duke of Alva | first sent by Phillip II to try and reign in the Dutch revolt; leader of the Council of Troubles aka Council of Blood
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| Council of Troubles | aka Council of Blood; led by the Duke of Alva; an agressive group that tried to bring the Dutch Rebellion back to Spain through force
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| Low Countries | name for the Netherlands; called this because of elevation
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| Holland | province of Netherlands; developed rapidly in 15th century; this is to Netherlands as England is to Great Britian
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| Zeeland | province of the Netherlands;
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| Joyeuse Entree | the Dutch constitution that had Republic/ democratic beginnings
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| idolatry | worship of an object/idol; protestants want to turn away from this because they view it as a christian trait
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| Council of Blood | aka the Council of Troubles; led by the Duke of Alva; an agressive group that tried to bring the Dutch Rebellion back to Spain through force
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| William of Orange (William the Silent) | he is to Dutch as George Washington is to America; leader of the Dutch revolt
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| sea dogs | fishing
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| Mary Queen of Scots | next rightful heir to Henry VIII after Queen Elizabeth (cousin of Tudors); Catholic and wants to kill Elizabeth; her plots back fire and she gets executed
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| Mary Stuart | next rightful heir to Henry VIII after Queen Elizabeth (cousin of Tudors); Catholic and wants to kill Elizabeth; her plots back fire and she gets executed
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| Don Juan | Phillip II's half brother; second man that Phillip II sends to the Netherlands to stop the Dutch revolt; wanted to use Netherlands as a base for an invasion of England where he would then kill Elizabeth, marry Mary Stuart and become king of England
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| Prince of Parma | third man sent to Netherlands to end Dutch rebellion; didn't use force like others, but rallied southern support through diplomacy and got 10 provinces to stay with Spain
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| Union of Utrecht | formed by the seven northern Netherland provinces; official brake from Spain would occur 2 years later
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| United Provinces of the North | Northern Netherlands declare official independence from Spain; these provinces are called the Dutch Republic, or Holland
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| Dutch Republic | aka Holland or the United Provinces of the North; right after severn northern Netherland provinces declared independence from Spain
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| Earl of Leichester | general of British troops sent to help the Netherlands; sent by England to lead military efforts against Spain; both enemies of each other, but 'the enemy of my enemy is my friend'
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| armada catolica | the Spanish Armada (1588); Spain is done playing games with England and attacks (justified by the death of Mary Stuart, Protestant vs Catholic, English knighting of sea dogs that attack Spainish ships); English stopped them in sea, kept off coastline
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| 'Protestant Wind' | strong wind that kept Spanish ships from reaching England during the Spanish Armada; blew remaining ships to northern seas where the Spainairds had no maps
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| Twelve Years' Truce | gave northern Netherland temporary independence; the 7 Netherland provinces north of line are free and called the Dutch; 10 provinces under line are with Spain and called the Spanish Netherlands
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| Spanish Netherlands | south of line of partition set in Twelve Years' Truce; the 10 provences that stay with the Spanish crown (therefore Catholic); modern day Belgium
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| toleration | to put up with; does country allow religious minorites to practice faith?; Spain: not tolerant; England: kinda; Netherlands: most tolerant country at this time (turn of 16th century)
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| Wars of Religion | wars over religion occuring in France, Germany, Netherlands and England; religious and politically based; weakened some countries and strengthened others
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| ius reformandi | old medival policy where state has religious power over emperor; "they get to pick" ex: Peace of Augsbourg; more modern is when king gets to pick
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| Henry II | dies in jousting tournament; his death throws France into a state of turmoil; his widow Catherine de Medici runs country using her sons as puppets
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| Catherine de Medici | wife of Henry II; becomes 'villian' of the time period; uses sons as puppets and took advantage of her husband's death; she order's St. Bartholomew's Day
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| St. Bartholomew's Day | French Catholics, supported by Catherine de Medici, rounded up Huguenots and killed 3000 on the eve of this day
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| Francis II | Henry II's eldest; rules for one year
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| Charles IX | Henry II's second son; rules for 14 years
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| Henry III | Henry's eldest son; rules for 15 years before being killed in the War of the Three Henry's
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| Admiral de Coligny | a leader of the Huguenots
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| Henry of Bourbon (Henry of Navarre) | leader of Huguenots; winner of the war of the Three Henry's and claims French crownm, becoming Henry IV
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| Duke of Guise (Henry of Guise) | leader of the Roman Catholics in France; faught in the War of the Three Henrys, but was killed
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| politiques | politicians who were willing to put religous matters aside to do what was best for the country; the first moderates; kinda heroic because you have enemies on both sides
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| Jean Bodin | advocates absolute monarchy, should be in total control; built out of caos (Wars of Religion); people are more willing to compromise dignity and freedom for protection; 'divine rights' - works for 90% of population
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| Henry IV | formerly known as Henry of Bourbon; a politique who convirts to Catholisism after taking the crown, but passes the Edict of Nantes for the Huguenots; has the guts to be 'in the middle' and do what's right for his country
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| Edict of Nantes | a religious compromise that gives Hugunots political tolerance but limited social tolerance; puts religion aside in favor of France's unity;
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| Estates General | the parlement of France that hardly ever meets; in Wars of Religion, they are called when Henry IV dies and set Cardinal Richelieu in charge; tell Richelieu and Louis XIII that 'we're going home, we can't handle it, you do'
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| Marie de Medici | Henry IV's wife and eventual widow
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| Louis XIII | Henry IV's son; king of France, but lets Cardinal Richelieu run the country for him
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| Cardinal Richelieu | keeps ruling France for Louis XIII even as he grows up; turns France into an absolute monarcy
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| Duke of Rohan | led another Huguenot rebellion during Louis XIII and Richelieu's reign (not satisfied with Edict of Nantes); crushed by Richelieu and as a result, Huguenots get rights stripped away from them
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| Peace of Alais | peace after the Huguenot rebellion during Richelieu's reign; ends up giving Huguenots less rights than they had before
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| Intendants | Cardinal Richelieu's eyes and ears in the French provences; people sent to tell what he wants done and how he wants them to do it
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| Palatinate | a German state that became Calvinist; located by the river Rhine; leader was the Elector Palatine
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| Elector Palatine | Calvinist leader of Palatinate; one of seven who eleceted Holy Roman Emperor; invited by Bohemia to become their leader
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| Bohemians | those who live in Bohemia (modern day Czechs); 1618 revolt against Catholic Hapsburg emperor sparked 30 Years War
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| Swiss Cantons | Spain wanted to conquere these lands in order to enhance access to the Netherlands
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| defenestration of Prague | Prague = capital of Bohemia; when Bohemians threw out the Catholic king of their country; sparked the 30 Years War
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| Battle of the White Mountain | first battle of the 30 Years' War
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| Albert of Wallenstein | pro-Catholic who led army against Kuke of Hostein (pro-protestant); wanted to covert the Denmarks back to Catholicism
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| Edict of Restitution | ended the Danish phase of the 30 Years' War; emperor of HRE declared all church territories secularized since 1552 to return to Catholism; seemed like Protestant Reformation was dead
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| Gustavus Adolphus | Swedish king during the 30 Years' War; extended Sweden's overseas holdings and created a modern army; Protestant champion
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| Peace of Prague of 1635 | end of Swedish phase of the 30 Years' War; annuled most of the Edict of Restitution
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| Peace of Westphalia of 1648 | end of Swedish-France phase and 30 Years' War; renewed Peace of Augsburg, plus Calvinism; German states virtually sovereign; France, Sweden get new land; Dutch Republic and Swiss Cantons gain independence;
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| effects of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 (overall) | weakened Hapsburg states of Austria and Spain; strengthened France; ended Age of the Wars of Religion; the first Europe-wide meeting conducted w/out the pope and influence of the Roman Catholic Church; introduced the modern state system of Europe
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| modern state system (of Europe) | Europe is recognized as a group of independent states that could negotioate for themselves; done pretending that Eurpoe was one
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| effects of the 30 Years' War (Germany) | population decreased; trade and agriculture was disruptive; economy ruined; long and difficult recovery - wouldnt be until 19th century for a German unification
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| 30 Years' War | War of Schmalkaldic League pt 2; religious conflict in Holy Roman Empire as a result of Peace of Augsburg; civil war of Catholic vs Protestant; civil war of strong central power vs independece of states; international war of Hapsburgs vs everyone else
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