anatomy
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| Study of tissue | histology
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| layers of cells that cover internal or external surfaces | Epithelia
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| Trans. mem. proteins connecting large areas of opposing plasma proteins;these bind to each other & to ECM ; membranes of adjacent cells may also be bonded to each other by a thin layer of proteoglycans that contain polysaccharides | Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs):
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| when the lipid portions of 2 plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins; may be found in the intestinal tract at the apical surfaces facing the lumen of the tract. | tight junction
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| where 2 cells are held together by 2 interlocking transmembrane proteins called connexons; this allows for rapid intercellular communication | gap junction
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| allows durable interconnections where the cells are under mechanical stress; Have a dense area that is connected to the cell cytoskeleton | Desmosomes
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| cells adhere to one another & also remain firmly connected to the rest of the body; inner surface of each epithelium is attached to a 2 part ; | the basement membrane Reticular Lamina
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| generally located near the basement membrane in a relatively protected location. | stem cells
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| mechanical stress & dehydration are potential problems, apical layers packed with filaments of the protein | keratin
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| release their secretions into the interstitial fluid; ductless glands; ex. Thyroid or pituitary. | Endocrine glands
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| release their secretions into passage ways called ducts that open onto an epithelial surface; examples enzymes entering digestive tract, perspiration on the skin, tears in the eyes, & milk produced by mammary glands. | Exocrine glands
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| involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product; apical portion of cytoplasm becomes packed with secretory vesicles & then is shed; milk production (combination of merocrine & apocrine secretions). | Apocrine
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| Destroys the gland cell; entire cell becomes packed with secretory products, then bursts releasing the secretion killing the cell further secretion depends on the replacement of destroyed gland cells by the division of stem cells; | Holocrine
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| secrete a watery solution that contains enzymes; ex parotid salivary glands. | Serous glands
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| form blind pockets | Alveolar ( or acinar)
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| includes those with many types of cells & extracellular fibers in a syrupy ground substance; | Connective tissue proper
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| Loose connective tissue & dense connective tissue divisions based on the number of cell types present, proportions of fibers & ground substance; includes adipose (loose) & tendons (dense) |
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| most abundant permanent residents of CT proper always present secrete hyaluronan & proteins which with proteins interact to form proteoglycans that make ground substanceviscous secrete protein subunits that assemble to form large extracellular fibers. | Fibroblasts
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| stem cells present in many connective tissues; respond to local injury or infection by dividing to form daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, or other connective tissue cells. | Mesenchymal cells
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| large ameboid cells scattered throughout the matrix; engulf damaged cells or pathogens entering the tissue; important in mobilizing body defenses; fixed (spend long periods in a tissue; “frontline” defense); free (migrate rapidly through tissues | Macrophages
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| sumall, mobile connective tissue cells common near blood vessels; cytoplasm is filled with granules containing histamine (released after injury or infection, stimulates local inflammation) & heparin ( granules of histamine & heparin found in basophils). | mast cells
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| long, straight, unbranched; most common fibers; consists of a bundle of fibrous protein subunits wound like strands of a rope; flexible, but stronger than steel; tendons- connect skeletal muscles tp bones, consist of collagen; ligaments bone to bone. | Collagen fibers
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| contain elastin (protein); branched & wavy; after stretching, return to original shape; elastic ligaments (rare) interconnect vertebrae. | Elastic fibers
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| fills the spaces between cells &surrounds connective tissue fibers; in proper CT it is clear, colorless & viscous; dense enough bacteria have trouble moving through it; slows the spread ofpathogens making it easier for phagocytes to catch. | Ground Substance
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| 1st connective tissue to appear in a developing embryo; contains an abundance of star-shaped stem cells separated by a matrix with very fine protein filaments; gives rise to all other connective tissues; mucous connective tissue | Mesenchyme
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| (packing material of the body; fill spaces between organs, cushion & stabilize specialized cells in manyorgans & support epithelia; surround & support blood vessels & nerves, store lipids, & provide a route for the diffusion of materials. | Loose Connective Tissue
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| found in infants & young children between shoulder blades & around the neck is highly vascularized, adipocytes contain numerous mitochondria which give it color; | brown fat
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| cords of dense regular tissue that attach skeletal muscle tissue to bone. | Tendons
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| resemble tendons, but connect one bone to another or stabilize the positions of internal organs. | Ligaments
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| form an interwoven meshwork in no consistent pattern; strengthen & support areas subjected to stresses strength to skin; except at joints, forms a sheath around cartilages (perichondrium) & bones (periosteum). | Dense irregular
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| a thick fibrous layer dense irregular connective tissue also forms; surrounds internal organs such as the liver, kidneys, spleen & encloses the cavities of joints | Capsule
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| watery matrix is called ; contains blood cells & fragments of cells, | plasma
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| red blood cells (), | erythrocytes
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| smallest blood vessels in tissues where blood pressure forces water & small solutes out of the bloodstream & across their walls; this forms interstitial fluid that bathes body’s cells. | Capillaries
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| chrondrocytes produce a chemical that discourages their formation; chemical is | antiangiogenesis factor
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| chrondrocytes in cartilage matrix undergo cell division, & daughter cells produce additional matrix; during development; begins early in embryonic development & continues through ; contributes the most to the mass of the adult skeleton. | Interstitial growth
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| slender passageways in the matrix called | canaliculi
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| fluid formed on surfaces of a serous membrane to reduce friction | transudate
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| connective tissue layers & wrappings that surround & support organs | Fasciae
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| skeletal muscle tissue is called | striated voluntary muscle
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| specialized regions occurring within these connections; membranes are locked together by desmosomes, proteoglycans, & gap junctions; ion movement through gap junctions help synchronize contractions of cardiac muscle cells; | Intercalated discs
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| striated voluntary muscle. | Cardiac Muscle
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| Located in the walls of blood vessels, around hollow organs, & in layers around respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, & reproductive Tracts cells are small spindle-shaped cells with tapering ends & a single, oval nucleus | Smooth Muscle Tissue
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| supporting cells that also repair neural tissue & supply nutrients to neurons | Neuroglia
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| tissue destruction that occurs after cells have been damaged or killed; lysosomal enzymes cause the damage. | Necrosis
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| irreversible change in size & shape of tissue cells | Anaplasia
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| produced by chondrocytes that inhibits growth of blood vessels | Angiogenesis factor
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| reversible change in normal shape, size, & organization of tissue cells | Dysplasia
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