Environmental Science
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| a dense, solid outer layer of Earth | lithosphere
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| the 2 most common elements that make up the compounds of the lithosphere | oxygen and silicon
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| as Earth cooled, water vapor in the atmosphere condensed to form the _____ | oceans
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| the surface water, along with water that exists below ground, make up the layer called what? | hydrosphere
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| a blanket of gases that covers the lithosphere and hydrosphere | atmosphere
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| the layer that covers the mantle | crust
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| 3 examples of elements from minerals | gold, copper, and carbon
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| 4 examples of the more common minerals | feldspar, mica, quartz, and calcite
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| minerals can be changed into different minerals by what 3 things? | heat, pressure, or chemical processes
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| the hot, molten rock from Earth's interior | magma
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| what does igneous rock contain? | large interlocking crystals
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| magma that flows out onto Earth's surface during volcanic eruption | lava
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| forms by the hardening and cementing of rock particles or fragments | sedimentary rocks
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| form as heat and pressure from geologic processes deep within Earth change the composition of existing sedimentary and igneous rocks | metamorphic rocks
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| a German scientist that proposed that all the continents had once been joined together as a single supercontinent | Alfred Wegener
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| when all the continents had once been joined together as a single supercontinent | pangaea
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| the German scientists name of the theory that all the continents had been a supercontinent | continental drift
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| as the seafloor widened, the _______ on either side were pushed apart | continents
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| a large system of underwater volcanic mountains which was called what | mid-ocean ridge
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| a deep crack that runs along the crest of the mountains | central rift valley
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| cracks in the Earth's crust along which movement has occured | faults
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| a ship that drilled many cores of crustal rock form the seafloor on both sides of the mid-ocean ridge | Glomar Challenger
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| rigid slabs of crustal rock that float on Earth's mantle | plates
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| describes the interactions of the moving plates that make up Earth's crust | plate tectonics
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| as North and South America continue to move westward, the Atlantic Ocean will widen as the Pacific Ocean narrows. what is this the work of? | plate tectonics
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| the process by which the seafloor plunges through a trench into Earth's interior | subduction
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| the trenches where crustal rock descends into the mantle | subduction zones
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| they melt as they plunge deep into the subduction zones | oceanic plates
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| were formed as the Indo-Australian plate collided with the Eurasian plate; still rising; are among the youngest mountains on Earth | Himalaya Mountains
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| areas where plates move past each other in opposite directions | transform boundaries
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| an example of a transform fault in California is what? | San Andreas Fault
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| an opening in Earth's crust through which molten magma reaches the surface | volcano
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| what volcanoes blast into the atmosphere when they erupt | ash, dust, and gases
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| what are 2 well-known explosive volcanoes | Mount Vesuvius and Mount St. Helens
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| when volcanoes are made of alternating layers of lava and ash, they are called what kind of volcanoes? | composite volcanoes
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| an example of a composite volcano in the Indonesian island chain | Krakatoa
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| a volcano formed when ash and cinders expelled from the volcano's opening mound up | cinder cone volcano
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| volcanoes that ooze magma out of cracks, or vents, and from the crater in top | shield volcanoes
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| a dormant volcano in northwest Washington State; it is the tallest peak in the Cascades, a chain of mountains that parallel the Pacific Coast | Mount Rainier
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| spots in the mantle that are often responsible for hot springs and island chains | hot spots
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| crustal movements along faults | earthquakes
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| huge ocean waves or series of waves usually associated with an earthquake | tsunamis
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| measures the shaking caused by an earthquake as recorded by a seismograph | The Richter Scale
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| heated rocks that are 12-13 miles underneath the volcano | thermal plume
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| a window to the center of the Earth | volcano
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| what does a volcano do? | rebuilds the planet's surface
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| the Earth of life began how long ago? | 4 billion
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| here when life began at the bottom of the ocean | hydrothermal vents
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| released from volcanoes and protects the Earth; released into the atmosphere | carbon dioxide
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| the planet that had too much carbon dioxide | Venus
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| protected the Earth from freezing over | volcanoes
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| first colony of life on Earth; type of bacteria | stromatalites
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| how many years ago when Earth started to cool? | 700 million
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| what Earth was known as when it froze over | snowball Earth
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| how many years ago when carbon dioxide was released from volcanoes to trap the heat | 600 million
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| the temperature during the time of snowball earth | -50*
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| what is the average temperature of the earth? | 15* celsius
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| what is the most powerful type of volcano on earth ? | subduction volcano
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