Pathology chapter 6
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| Nervous system | helps maintain homeostasis, responsible for: mental processes, behaviors, emotional reponses
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| 3 Neuron structures | Dendrites (branches) brings info in for sensory, afferent; cell body(soma)has nucleus, axon (singular process)take info away from the cell motor, efferent
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| Synapse means together or join; 3 targets (effectors)Figure 6-2 page 160 | 1. neuron 2. muscle 3. gland
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| Functions of Nervous system | sensory function: receptors detect stimuli and respond by sending information to the CNS; intergration function: CNS integrates this information and decides on a response; motor function: motor neurons carry impulses from the CNS to the muslces and glands
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| Central nervous sytem | Incased in bone and protected by meninges and cerebral fluid, has brain (in skull) and spinal cord (in vertebral column)
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| Spinal cord has how many pairs of spinal nerves (page 161 figure 6-4) | 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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| cervical has how many bones and how many nerves | 7 bones and 8 nerves
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| Brain structure (page 161 figure 6-5) | brainstem, cerebellus, diencephalon, cerebrum
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| brainstem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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| Diencephalon | thalamus, pineal body, hypothalamus
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| Cerebrum | cortex and corpus callosum
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| Peripheral nervous system (2 parts) | Somatic nervous system (volutary); automonic nervous system (involuntary) divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
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| parasympathetic (page 163 figure 6-7) | rest and digest
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| sympathetic (page 163 figure 6-7) | fight or flight
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| CNS disorders | cerebral palsy, spina bifida, seizure disorders, spinal cord injury,
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| Cerebral palsy | group of motor disorders; damage to cerebrum from inadequate or reduced blood flow; lighter pressure; avoid joint mobilizations or administer carefully; instruct parents to massage in affected person is a child.
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| 2 types of cerebral palsy | lack of cordnation either spastic or flaccid
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| spina bifida | group of neural tube defects; failure of posterior spinous processes to close (usually lumbar spine); local contraindication; avoid joint mobilizations and compressions or admiister carefully; instruct parents to massage if affected person is a child
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| Three types of spina bifida | occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele
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| Seizure disorders | explosive episode of uncontrolled and excessive electrical activity in the brain; 2 types partial: limited to single area of brain and Generalized: more diffuse involvement. postpone massage if condition is untreated; avoid known triggers
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| spinal cord injury | damage to the vertebrae and neural tissues causing loss of movement and loss of sensation distal to area of insult--paraplegia:paralysis of the lower extrmities and trunk--quardriplegia:paralysis of the trunk and all extremities
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| ADHD attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder | array of behaviors associtaed with inattentiveness, hyperactivity, impulsivity, or combination of these; reduce treatment time; instruct parents to massage if affected person is a child
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| Autism | syndrome of social withdrawal and obsessive behavior; five types ranging from mild and highly functional to severe. Reduce treatment time, use firm gliding and compressive strokes
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| Infectious diseases | meningitis, encephalitis, poliomyelitis and postpolio syndrome
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| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges most often the result of a viral or bacterial infection, massage is contraindicated until client completely recovers
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| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain, fever, head ache and stiff
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| poliomyelitis | highly contagious viral infection that is now rare, massage contraindicated until client completely recovers
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| postpolio syndrom | collection of symptoms seen in individuals who have previously recovered from polio or who were misdiagnosed, but now considered to have been infected, light massage cautiously apply stretches
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| Neurodegenerative disease | dementia, alzheimer disease, huntington disease, Parkinson disease (paralysis agitans); multiple sclerosis
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| Dementia | group of disorders characterized by a decline of mental facilities and personalyity changes that interfere with work, social activities; tow most common types are Alzheimer and vascular, gentle massage
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| alzheimer disease | progressive degenerative disease of the brain, gentle massage shorter duration
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| huntington disease | inherited disorder characterized by motor disturbances, mental deterioration, and abnormal behavior; light massage of shorter duration; cautiously apply passive stretches
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| parkinson disease | disorder producting abnormal movements marked by destruction of dopamine producing neurons in the brain, gentle massage and shorter duration.
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| multiple sclerosis (autoimmune) | progressive neural demyelination, massage contraindicated during flare-ups; otherwise gentle massage of shorter duration (parestesia altered sensation)
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| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou gehrig's disease) | degeneration of motor neurons leading to secondary demyelination; this causes generalized paralysis leaving the affected person immoblie, gentle massage of shorter duration
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| vascular disorders | cerebrovascular accident (stroke), transient ischemic attack, migrain headache
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| Trasient Ischemic attack | brief episode of impaired brain functioning caused by temporary reduction of blood flow; lasts a few seconds to possbily hours and is characterized by slurred speech
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| Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) | sudden disruption in cerebral blood flow by occluded or ruptured blood vessel; obtain medical clearance during rehab stage
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| Stroke Warnings | sudden weakness, numbness, or tingling in face, arm or leg; temporaray loss of speech, failure to comprehend; sudden loss of vision; sudden severe headache; unusual dizziness or loss of balance
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| migrain headache (vascular headache) | severe, recurrent headaches accompanied by symptoms such as visual disturbances and nausea; often provoked by a trigger factor; massage is contraindicated during attack
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| Peripheral never disorders | Trigeminal neuralgia, bell palsy, myasthenia gravis, guillain-Barre Syndrome,
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| Trigeminal neuralgia (Tic douloureux)3 branches Ophthalmic branch, maxillary branch, mandibular branch | condition characterized by excruciating episodic pain in areas supplied by the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve); avoid prone position and avoid massage to the face and scalp.
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| Bell's Palsy (#7 nerve) | condition of facial nerve causing muscle weakness or paralysis on one side of face; use light gliding strokes directed upward, and kneading, percussion, and vibration on facial muscles.
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| Myasthenia Gravis (muslce, weakness) | disorder caused by loss of acetylcholine receptors within the neuromuscular junction resulting in progressive weakness and paralysis; gentle massage of shorter duration
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| Acetylcholine; dopamine | makes the muscles more more;makes muscles go down.
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| Guillan-Barre Syndrome (peripheral nerves) | neurologic inflammatory disease of the peripheral nerves; typically begins as leg weakness and ascends to trunk and arms; Massage is contraindiated
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| Peripheral Neuropathy (diabetics) | inflammation or degeneration of PNS causing symptoms of impaired sensations and movement difficulties; reduced pressure while avoiding hypersensitive areas; if neuropathy in lower extermities, avoid bolster use.
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| Paresthesia | abnormal feelings
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| degenerative disc disease | deterioration of the intervertebral discs resulting from teh aging process or accident; medical clearance required, once obtained, reduce pressure over affected areas and avoid spinal mobilizations
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| Herniated disc, bulging disc and radiculopathies | disc problems; symptons include sever, sharp pain that may worsen with movement; limited ROM; tenderness; paresthesias; postpone massage if pain is severe, reduce pressure over affected areas
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| Herniated disc | protrusion of nucleus pulposus through tear in annulus fibrosus
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| bulging disc | similar to herniated disc but nucleus pulposus contained within annular wall
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| radiculopathy | pain radiating along the path of a compressed nerve.
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| Sciatica | inflammation of the sciatic nerve, reduce pressure in areas of paresthesias, avoid use of bolsters on lower extremities
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| Carpal tunnel syndrome (media nerve) | compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel; local contraindication if area is inflamed. Compression of the media nerve
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| Thoracic outlet syndrom (TOS) nerves are called Brachial plexus injury | compression or entrapment of neurovascular bundle; avoid vigorous massage if swollen or inflamed; otherwise, massage is helpful
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