Nervous System Def.
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| Central Nervous System | contains the brain and spinal cord
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| Peripheral Nervous System | connects the CNS to the other body parts.
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| Neuron | a specialized cell that responds to physical and chemical changes inside or outside of the body.
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| Nervous Tissue | masses of neurons and neuroglial cells.
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| Myelin sheath | a fatty lipoprotein surrounding the axon of a neuron.
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| Nerve impulse | information transmitted in the form of electrochemical changes.
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| CNS | brain and spinal cord
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| PNS | nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to the peripheral body parts.
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| Sensory receptors | detects changes or stimuli inside or outside of the body.
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| Effectors | muscles and glands
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| Neuroglial cells | fills spaces, provides structure, produces myelin, and can carry our phagocytosis.
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| Microglial cells | scattered throughout the CNS to provide support and phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris.
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| Oligodendrocytes | align along nerve fibers, produce myelin on the axons of the CNS
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| Astrocytes | found between neurons and blood vessels, hook extensions on to the CNS to provide structure, join parts, regulate concentrations of nutrients and ions, and form scar tissue.
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| Ependymal cells | form epithelia like membranes around the outside of or the inside lining of the brain and spinal cord.
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| Dendrite | processes that recieve messages, can be numerous
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| Schwann cells | form a myelin sheath around the axons of the PNS
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| Axon | process that sends messages, usually only one per neuron
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| Nerve | bundles of axons
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| Polarized | when the surface of a resting neuron cell membrane is charged.
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| Summation | additive effect of several sub threshold stimuli.
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| Synapse | junction between two communicating neurons.
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| Synaptic cleft | gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron.
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| Neurofibril | network or threads that are found in the cell body and can extend into the axon; provide structure.
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| Nerve pathway | path of a nerve impulse.
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| Depolarization | decrease in resting potential.
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| Cell Body | portion of a nerve cell that includes a cytoplasmic mass and a nucleus from which nerve fibers extend.
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| Somatic Nervous System | motor pathways of the peripheral nervous system that lead to the skin and skeletal muscles.
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| Autonomic Nervous System | portion of the nervous system that controls the viscera.
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| Chromatophilic substance | membranous sacs within cytoplasm of nerve cells that have ribosomes attached to their surfaces.
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| Neurilemma | sheath formed from Schwann cells on the outside of some axons.
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| Nodes of Ranvier: | narrow gaps between Schwann cells.
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| Trigger zone | a sensitive part of an axonwhere a nerve impulse originates.
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| Unipolar neurons | neurons with a single process extending from the cell body that branches into two, one side acting as an ion and the other as a dendrite.
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| Bipolar neurons | neurons with many processes, one of which is an axon and the other is a dendrite.
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| Multipolar neurons | neurons with many processes, one of which is an axon and the others are dendrites.
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| Ganglia | masses of neuron cell bodies, usually outside of the CNS.
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| Sensory neurons | carry nerve impulses from peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord.
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| Interneurons | lie entirely in the brain or spinal cord and direct incoming sensory impulses to the appropriate parts for processing and interpreting.
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| Motor neurons | multipolar neurons that carry nerve impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to the effectors.
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| Potential difference | difference in electric charge between two regions.
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| Resting potential | the potential difference between the region inside the membrane and the region outside the membrane.
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| Threshold stimulus | stimulation level that must be exceeded to elicit a nerve impulse.
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| All-or-none response | if a neuron responds, it responds completely or not at all.
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| Presynaptic neuron | the neuron carrying the impulse or the sender.
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| Postsynaptic neuron | the neuron that recieves the input or the reciever.
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| Synaptic transmission | the process of crossing the synaptic cleft with a message.
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| Neurotransmitters | chemical that an axon end secretes on an effector or another neuron.
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| Synaptic knob | tiny enlargement at the end of an axon that secretes a neurotransmitter.
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| Excitatory | neurotransmitters that increase the postsynaptic membrane permeability to sodium ions and bring it closer to threshold.
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| Inhibitory | neurotransmitters that decrease the postsynaptic membrane permeability to sodium ions and make it less likely that threshold will be reached.
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| Neuronal pools | groups of neurons that make hundreds of synaptic connections with each other and work together to perform a common function.
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| Facilitation | subthreshold stimulation of a neuron that increases responsiveness to further stimulation.
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| Convergence | nerve impulses arriving at the same neuron.
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| Divergence | impulses passing into several output neurons.
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| Sensory fibers | afferent fibers; bring sensory information to the CNS.
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| Motor fibers | efferent fibers; carry impulsesfrom the CNS to the effectors.
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| Sensory nerves | nerves that conduct impulses to the brain or spinal cord.
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| Motor nerves | nerves that conduct impulses to muscles or glands.
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| Mixed nerves | nerves that include both sensory fibers and motor fibers.
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| Reflex arc | the simplest nerve pathway that includes only a few neurons and is the structural and functional basis for the reflexes.
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| Reflex | an automatic, subconscious response to stimuli.
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| Meninges | layered membranes that serve to protect the brain and spinal cord.
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| Dura mater | the outermost layer of the meninges.
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| Arachnoid mater | a thin, weblike membrane without blood vessels that lies between the dura and pia maters.
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| Pia mater | a thin membrane that contains many nerves and blood vessels that nourishes the underlying cells of the brain and spinal cord.
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| Cerebrospinal fluid | a clear watery fluid that is found in the ventricles of the brain, subarachnoid space of the meninges, and the central canal of the spinal cord.
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| Spinal cord | a slender nerve column tha passes downward from the brain into the vertebral column.
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| Spinal nerves | nerves that branch to the various body parts and connect them with the central nervous system.
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| Ascending tracts | tracts in the spinal cord that carry sensory information to the brain.
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| Descending tracts | tracts in the spinal cord that conduct motor impulses from the brain to the musles and glands.
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| Cerebrum | portion of the brain that occupies the upper part of the cranial cavity and provides higher mental functions.
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| Brainstem | portion of the brain that contains the midbrain, pons, and medullar oblongata.
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| Cerebellum | portion of the brain that coordinates skeletal muscle movement.
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| Cerbral cortex | the outer layer of the cerebrum.
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| Diencephalon | portion of the brain in the region of the third ventricle that includes the thalamus and hypothalamus.
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| Cerebral hemispheres | the large paired structures that constitute the cerebrum.
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| Motor areas | the region of the brain from which impulses to muscles or glnads originate.
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| Sensory areas | a portion of the cerebral cortex that recieves and interprets sensory nerve impulses.
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| Association areas | region of the cerebral cortex controlling memory, reasoning, judgement, and emotions.
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