9th Grade History final exam
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| Tidewater | southern plantations located along rivers and creeks of the coastal plain, called tidewater because lowlands were washed away by ocean tides
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| House of Burgess | the beginning of representative government, where voters elect representatives to make laws for them
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| Religious toleration | the willingness to let others practice their own religious beliefs, many colonists did not believe in the freedom of religion
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| English Bill of Rights | guaranteed the rights of individuals and gave anyone accused of a crime the right to a trial by jury
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| Backcountry | the area of land along the eastern slopes of the Appalachian Mountains
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| Gentry | top of social class, included wealth planters, merchants, ministers, successful lawyers, and royal officials
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| Quakers | despised religious group in England, Protestant reformers
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| Pilgrims | sailed to America for religious freedom
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| Apprentice | works for a master who teaches them a necessary skill
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| Mayflower Compact | an agreement with rules for their new home
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| Great Wagon Road | an old Iroquois trail
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| Indentured servants | settlers who signed contracts to work without wages for four to seven years for anyone who would pay their ocean passage
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| Early public schools | supported by taxes allowed both rich and poor children to get an education
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| James Oglethorpe | founded Georgia in 1731, made a place where people who were in debt could be free of it
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| William Penn | founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1682, a Quaker
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| Roger Williams | a young minister in the village of Salem, believed that the business of church and state should be completely separate
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| John Winthrop | Puritan leader, started the Great Migration
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| Great Awakening | religious movement, between 1730-1740
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| Slave codes | treated enslaved African Americans not as human beings but as property
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| Patriot | colonist who supported independence from British rule
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| Loyalist | colonist who remained loyal to Britain
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| Proclamation of 1763 | Parliament passed Navigation Acts, benefited England
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| Results of French & Indian War | Britain and France signed a peace treaty, marked the end of French power in North America
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| Neutral | not taking sides in a war
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| Sam Adams | organized protests, poor public speaker
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| George Washington | nominated as comander of Colonial Army, from Virginia
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| Cornwallis | British general, surrendered to Washington
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| Ratify | to approve
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| Yorktown | area where Cornwallis surrendered on October 17, 1781
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| Treaty of Paris | agreement with Britain to recognize the U.S. as an independent nation
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| Valley Forge | camp where Washington's men slept during the long cold winter (1777-1778)
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| Lafayette | helped Washington win the war, one of Washington's best friends
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| Bunker Hill | first major battle of Revolution
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| Saratoga | turning point of war, ended British threat to New England
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| Vincennes | George Rogers Clark led VA frontier fights against British troops at Fort Vincennes w/ a sm band of men spread out in the woods around the fort to make their #s appear >. the British commander surrendered w/o a fight in Feb 1779 b/c he thought he was out#
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| Common Sense | a pamphlet, supported the colonists in their quarrel with the king
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| Declaration of Independence | stresses natural right or rights that belong to all people from birth
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| Fort Ticonderoga | a fort in Massachusetts, large supply of cannons
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| British and American advantages | British: experienced fighters, good army, best military. Americans: defending their country, good shooters, they knew the land
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| Bunker Hill | first major battle of Revolution
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| Saratoga | turning point of war, ended British threat to New England
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| Vincennes | George Rogers Clark led Virginia frontier frights against British troops at Fort Vincennes with a small band of men spread out through the woods around the fort to make their numbers appear greater the British commander surrendered without a fight in Febr
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| Common Sense | a pamphlet, supported the colonists in their quarrel with the king
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| Declaration of Independence | stresses natural rights or rights that belong to all people from birth
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| Fort Ticonderoga | a fort in Massachusetts, large supply of cannons
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| British & and American advantages | British: experienced fighters, good army, best military, Americans: defending their country, good shooters, they knew the land
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| Articles of Confederation | the first American constitution, an alliance of independent states
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| 3 Branches of Government | Executive branch: carried out the laws, Legislative branch: made the laws, Judicial branch: interprets laws
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| Federalists & Democratic Republicans | two political groups, Federalist: supported constitution, leader: James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, Republicans (antifederalists): admired Washington, didn’t want the office of president to be too powerful
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| New Jersey Plan | called for three branches of government, one house, one vote in the legislature per state
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| Virginia Plan | called for three branches, strong national government, two houses, based on state population
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| Great Compromise | created by Roger Sherman, two houses, House of Representatives (based on population), Senate (two senators from each state)
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| Land Ordinance of 1785 | set up a system for surveying and settling the Northwest Territory, divided into townships (36 sections, 1 sp. mile each, 640 acres)
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| Bill of Rights | what the first ten amendments were called
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| Supreme Court | highest court in the United States
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| James Madison | “Father of the Constitution”, fourth president, secretary of state
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| Alexander Hamilton | Federalist, called on Congress to set up a national bank
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| Roger Sherman | “Great Compromiser”, one of the most respected early leaders of the United States
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| William Patterson | presented the New Jersey Plan, supported the smaller states in government
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| Override | overrule the veto
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| Impeach | bring charges against
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| Amend | change
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| Federalism | the division of power between the states and the national government
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| John Locke | published Two Treatises of Government, declared that all people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property, suggested that government is an agreement between the ruler and the ruled
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| Popular Sovereignty | the people hold the final authority in government
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| Domestic Tranquility | peace at home
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| Constituents | the people that elect them
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| Amendments | formal written change
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| Veto | to reject
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| Bill | proposed law
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| Due process | principle that government must follow the same fair rules in all cases brought to trial
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| Checks & balances | system by which each branch of government can check, or control, the action of the other branches
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| Limited government | belief that only government can do a certain amount of work
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| Separation of powers | principle that the powers of government be divided among separate branches
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| Federalism | division of power between the states and the national government
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| Civil War amendments | Amendments 13-15, 13-ended slavery, 14- guaranteed citizenship and constitutional rights to African Americans, 15- guaranteed African Americans the right to vote
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| Elastic clause | allowed Congress to stretch its power to pass laws
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| Appropriate money | to set aside money for a special purpose
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| District courts | courts that are located in more than 90 districts around the country, hear cases involving kidnapping and murder, or matters of civil law such as bankruptcy and divorce
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| Executive Office | where the president and his cabinet members are located
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| Legislative | area of government that makes the laws
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| Judicial | area of government that interprets the laws
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| Amendment 1 to 10 | called the Bill of Rights, 1- Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition, 2- Right to bear arms, 3- Lodging troops in private homes, 4- Search and seizure, 5- Rights of the accused, 6- Right to speedy trial by jury, 7- Jury trial in civil
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| Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions | claimed that each state has an equal right to judge for itself whether a law is constitutional
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| Cabinet | heads of the departments of government who give the president advice and direct their departments
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| Bank of the U.S. | a bank that got its money from the collected taxes
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| Sedition Act | said that citizens could be fined or jailed if they criticized the government or its officials
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| Alien Act | allowed the president to expel any alien thought to be dangerous to the country
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| Judiciary Act | called for the Supreme Court to have one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices
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| National debt | the total sum of money a government owes to others
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| Whiskey Rebellion | farmers rebelled on the Whiskey tax but after Washington showed up with 15,000 soldiers, the rebellion stopped
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| Neutrality Proclamation | stated that the United States would not support either side in the war between Britain and France
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| Newspapers & and their political parties | Gazette of the United States-Federalists, National Gazette- Republicans
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| French Revolution | people in France beheaded people including the king and queen to win their independence
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| Precedent | act or decision that sets an example for others to follow
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| Speculators | people who invest in a risky venture in the hope of making a large profit
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| Protective tariff | tax on imported goods to protect a country’s industry from foreign competition
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| John Adams | avoided war with France, 2nd president
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| Jefferson | became 3rd president, tied with Aaron Burr for president, House of Representatives voted and after 4 days and 36 votes Jefferson won
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| Washington | 1st president, powerful leader, general in the Revolution
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| Burr | vice president to Jefferson, tied him for president
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| Hamilton | secretary of treasury, paid the national debt
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| Louisiana Purchase | a purchase in 1803 that doubled America’s size
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| Laissez Faire | means let alone
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| Lewis & Clark | explored the Louisiana Territory
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| War Hawks | people who wanted to go to war
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| Embargo Act | forbade Americans to export or import goods
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| Nonintercourse Act | allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britain and France
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| Battle of Thames | a battle between the Americans and the Indians, Americans won, Tecumseh died in the fighting
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| Battle of New Orleans | battle between the Americans and the British, 2,000 British died, Andrew Jackson became a national hero because of this victory
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| Fort McHenry | a battle between the Americans and the British, Americans kept their fort, which was the key defense in Baltimore
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| Andrew Jackson | a Tennessee officer, hero of New Orleans
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| Tecumseh | a Shawnee leader who lead the Indians to fight the Americans
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| L’Ouverture | led a revolt of African slaves who wanted their freedom, revolted in Haiti
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| Clay | most outspoken War Hawk, from Kentucky
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| Jefferson | made a treaty with Napoleon to get the Louisiana Territory, reduced army and navy so it was hard for America to fight the British
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| Napoleon | dictator in France, wanted to conquer Europe
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| Boston Associates | a group who built a textile factory in Waltham, Massachusetts, founded by Francis Lowell
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| Lowell mills | textile factories in Lowell, Massachusetts, they were founded by Francis Lowell
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| Dumping | selling of goods in another country at very low prices
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| Capitalists | people who invest in a business to make a profit
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| Corduroy roads | roads made of logs
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| Turnpikes | roads built by a private company that charges a toll to use
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| Adams-Onis treaty | said that the United States gives $5 million to Spain in exchange for Florida
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| Monroe Doctrine | a statement that said the United States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations or colonies, also warned European nations not to interfere with newly independent nations of Latin America
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| Erie Canal | a canal that let western farmers ship their good to the port of New York
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| American System | a program that promoted economic growth for all sections of the U.S., called for high tariffs on imports, which helped northern factories and then northerners would buy farm products from the West and the South
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| James Monroe | last of three presidents in a row to be from Virginia, last Revolutionary War officer to become president, made a goodwill tour of the country, when he ran for his second term, no one opposed him
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| Simon Bolivar | best known South American revolutionary leader, became known as the Liberator, became president of the independent Republic of Great Colombia (present-day nations of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama)
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| Jose de San Martin | led Argentina to freedom, helped Chile, Peru, and Ecuador win independence
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| John Calhoun | speaker for the south, supported the War of 1812
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| Daniel Webster | most skillful public speaker of his time, from New England, opposed the War of 1812
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| Henry Clay | speaker for the west, favored a more active role for the central government, invented the American System
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| Moses Brown | Quaker merchant, wanted to build a spinning mill in Rhode Island, opened a mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island with the help of Samuel Slater
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| Eli Whitney | invented interchangeable parts, which saved gunsmiths time and money
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| ELECTION OF 1824 | 4 candidates and the top three went to Congress to be decided and it was down to John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson because Henry Clay was the 4th person voted for so in the Congress where he was powerful he had people vote for John Quincy Adams and whe
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| ELECTION OF 1828 | Andrew Jackson v. John Quincy Adams Jackson won the election easily because he was for the common people farmers in the West and South and city workers in the East
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| ELECTION OF 1832 | Jackson used the Bank of the US as his main issue and easily won the election of 1832
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| ELECTION OF 1836 | Martin Van Buren succeeded Andrew Jackson in office and was his vice president in his second term
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| ELECTION OF 1840 | William Henry Harrison beat Martin Van Buren to because president, he had the first real slogan which was Tippecanoe and Tyler too. Harrison acted as a simple farmer and visited people when he was actual from a rich family, mudslinging was introduced into
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| INDIAN REMOVAL ACT | Jackson didn't like Indians and in 1830 congress passed the Indians Removal Act forced 15,000 Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi on the Trail of Tears where ¼ of the people, mostly women and children died
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| NOMINATING CONVENTIONS | meeting at which a political party chooses a candidate which started in the 1830s
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| TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS | name southerners gave to the tariff passed in 1828 because they thought it was unfair to them because the tariff hurt them while it benefited everyone else, highest tariff in nation's history
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| STATES' RIGHTS | the right of states to limit the power of the federal government
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| SPOILS SYSTEM | introduced by Andrew Jackson where he would give positions of government to people who supported him in his election even if they weren't qualifie
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| NULLIFICATION | that a state had the right to nullify, or cancel, a federal law that is considered to be unconstitutional
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| SECESSION | the breaking away from something
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| SUFFRAGE | the right to vote
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| SECEDE | to withdraw from a membership in a group
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| CAUCUS | private meeting of political party leaders to choose a candidate
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| DEMOCRATS | Political party formed in the 1830s by supporters in Andrew Jackson
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| WHIGS | political party formed in 1830s by supporters of John Quincy Adams who wanted government to promote economic growth
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| HIGH TARIFFS | high tax on foreign good brought into a country
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| CHEROKEE INDIANS | in 1828 Georgia claimed the right to make laws for the Cherokee nation but the Cherokees went to court to defend their rights and were ruled in favor of in 1832 case Worcester v. Georgia but Andrew Jackson told the people of Georgia he was not going to en
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| PANIC OF 1837 | Martin Van Buren believed in lassiez faire and so the country went through an economic crisis because the government sold millions of acres of public land in the west, the paper money being printed was not back up by silver or gold so it was of no value
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| JOHN TYLER | William Henry Harrison's vice president that took over when he died and was not a good president, his cabinet resigned and he was thrown out of the Whig party
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| WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON | was president for only a short time because he got sick and died, an 1812 war hero from the Battle of Tippecanoe, beat Martin Van Buren in the election of 1840
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| MARTIN VAN BUREN | President for 1 term because he let America going into an economic crisis of 1837, Jackson's vice president in his seconds term
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| JOHN C. CALHOUN | Andrew Jackson's first vice president who resigned to lead the south in a rebellion
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| ANDREW JACKSON | hero of 1812 war, president for the common people, didn't like Indians put in place the trail of tears, served for two terms, introduced spoils system, had kitchen cabinet, leader of democratic party
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| DANIEL WEBSTER | spoke for the north against John C. Calhoun and was a great speaker
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| JOHN QUINCY ADAMS | made the corrupt bargain with Henry Clay, leader of Whigs party
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| JOHN MARSHALL | supreme court justice that favored Cherokee Indians in Worcester v. Georgia
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| HENRY CLAY | speaker for the west, part of "corrupt bargain', often settled disputes between the North and the South when they argued
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