southern plantations located along rivers and creeks of the coastal plain, called tidewater because lowlands were washed away by ocean tides
House of Burgess
the beginning of representative government, where voters elect representatives to make laws for them
Religious toleration
the willingness to let others practice their own religious beliefs, many colonists did not believe in the freedom of religion
English Bill of Rights
guaranteed the rights of individuals and gave anyone accused of a crime the right to a trial by jury
Backcountry
the area of land along the eastern slopes of the Appalachian Mountains
Gentry
top of social class, included wealth planters, merchants, ministers, successful lawyers, and royal officials
Quakers
despised religious group in England, Protestant reformers
Pilgrims
sailed to America for religious freedom
Apprentice
works for a master who teaches them a necessary skill
Mayflower Compact
an agreement with rules for their new home
Great Wagon Road
an old Iroquois trail
Indentured servants
settlers who signed contracts to work without wages for four to seven years for anyone who would pay their ocean passage
Early public schools
supported by taxes allowed both rich and poor children to get an education
James Oglethorpe
founded Georgia in 1731, made a place where people who were in debt could be free of it
William Penn
founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1682, a Quaker
Roger Williams
a young minister in the village of Salem, believed that the business of church and state should be completely separate
John Winthrop
Puritan leader, started the Great Migration
Great Awakening
religious movement, between 1730-1740
Slave codes
treated enslaved African Americans not as human beings but as property
Patriot
colonist who supported independence from British rule
Loyalist
colonist who remained loyal to Britain
Proclamation of 1763
Parliament passed Navigation Acts, benefited England
Results of French & Indian War
Britain and France signed a peace treaty, marked the end of French power in North America
Neutral
not taking sides in a war
Sam Adams
organized protests, poor public speaker
George Washington
nominated as comander of Colonial Army, from Virginia
Cornwallis
British general, surrendered to Washington
Ratify
to approve
Yorktown
area where Cornwallis surrendered on October 17, 1781
Treaty of Paris
agreement with Britain to recognize the U.S. as an independent nation
Valley Forge
camp where Washington's men slept during the long cold winter (1777-1778)
Lafayette
helped Washington win the war, one of Washington's best friends
Bunker Hill
first major battle of Revolution
Saratoga
turning point of war, ended British threat to New England
Vincennes
George Rogers Clark led VA frontier fights against British troops at Fort Vincennes w/ a sm band of men spread out in the woods around the fort to make their #s appear >. the British commander surrendered w/o a fight in Feb 1779 b/c he thought he was out#
Common Sense
a pamphlet, supported the colonists in their quarrel with the king
Declaration of Independence
stresses natural right or rights that belong to all people from birth
Fort Ticonderoga
a fort in Massachusetts, large supply of cannons
British and American advantages
British: experienced fighters, good army, best military. Americans: defending their country, good shooters, they knew the land
Bunker Hill
first major battle of Revolution
Saratoga
turning point of war, ended British threat to New England
Vincennes
George Rogers Clark led Virginia frontier frights against British troops at Fort Vincennes with a small band of men spread out through the woods around the fort to make their numbers appear greater the British commander surrendered without a fight in Febr
Common Sense
a pamphlet, supported the colonists in their quarrel with the king
Declaration of Independence
stresses natural rights or rights that belong to all people from birth
Fort Ticonderoga
a fort in Massachusetts, large supply of cannons
British & and American advantages
British: experienced fighters, good army, best military, Americans: defending their country, good shooters, they knew the land
Articles of Confederation
the first American constitution, an alliance of independent states
3 Branches of Government
Executive branch: carried out the laws, Legislative branch: made the laws, Judicial branch: interprets laws
Federalists & Democratic Republicans
two political groups, Federalist: supported constitution, leader: James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, Republicans (antifederalists): admired Washington, didn’t want the office of president to be too powerful
New Jersey Plan
called for three branches of government, one house, one vote in the legislature per state
Virginia Plan
called for three branches, strong national government, two houses, based on state population
Great Compromise
created by Roger Sherman, two houses, House of Representatives (based on population), Senate (two senators from each state)
Land Ordinance of 1785
set up a system for surveying and settling the Northwest Territory, divided into townships (36 sections, 1 sp. mile each, 640 acres)
Bill of Rights
what the first ten amendments were called
Supreme Court
highest court in the United States
James Madison
“Father of the Constitution”, fourth president, secretary of state
Alexander Hamilton
Federalist, called on Congress to set up a national bank
Roger Sherman
“Great Compromiser”, one of the most respected early leaders of the United States
William Patterson
presented the New Jersey Plan, supported the smaller states in government
Override
overrule the veto
Impeach
bring charges against
Amend
change
Federalism
the division of power between the states and the national government
John Locke
published Two Treatises of Government, declared that all people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property, suggested that government is an agreement between the ruler and the ruled
Popular Sovereignty
the people hold the final authority in government
Domestic Tranquility
peace at home
Constituents
the people that elect them
Amendments
formal written change
Veto
to reject
Bill
proposed law
Due process
principle that government must follow the same fair rules in all cases brought to trial
Checks & balances
system by which each branch of government can check, or control, the action of the other branches
Limited government
belief that only government can do a certain amount of work
Separation of powers
principle that the powers of government be divided among separate branches
Federalism
division of power between the states and the national government
Civil War amendments
Amendments 13-15, 13-ended slavery, 14- guaranteed citizenship and constitutional rights to African Americans, 15- guaranteed African Americans the right to vote
Elastic clause
allowed Congress to stretch its power to pass laws
Appropriate money
to set aside money for a special purpose
District courts
courts that are located in more than 90 districts around the country, hear cases involving kidnapping and murder, or matters of civil law such as bankruptcy and divorce
Executive Office
where the president and his cabinet members are located
Legislative
area of government that makes the laws
Judicial
area of government that interprets the laws
Amendment 1 to 10
called the Bill of Rights, 1- Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition, 2- Right to bear arms, 3- Lodging troops in private homes, 4- Search and seizure, 5- Rights of the accused, 6- Right to speedy trial by jury, 7- Jury trial in civil
Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
claimed that each state has an equal right to judge for itself whether a law is constitutional
Cabinet
heads of the departments of government who give the president advice and direct their departments
Bank of the U.S.
a bank that got its money from the collected taxes
Sedition Act
said that citizens could be fined or jailed if they criticized the government or its officials
Alien Act
allowed the president to expel any alien thought to be dangerous to the country
Judiciary Act
called for the Supreme Court to have one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices
National debt
the total sum of money a government owes to others
Whiskey Rebellion
farmers rebelled on the Whiskey tax but after Washington showed up with 15,000 soldiers, the rebellion stopped
Neutrality Proclamation
stated that the United States would not support either side in the war between Britain and France
Newspapers & and their political parties
Gazette of the United States-Federalists, National Gazette- Republicans
French Revolution
people in France beheaded people including the king and queen to win their independence
Precedent
act or decision that sets an example for others to follow
Speculators
people who invest in a risky venture in the hope of making a large profit
Protective tariff
tax on imported goods to protect a country’s industry from foreign competition
John Adams
avoided war with France, 2nd president
Jefferson
became 3rd president, tied with Aaron Burr for president, House of Representatives voted and after 4 days and 36 votes Jefferson won
Washington
1st president, powerful leader, general in the Revolution
Burr
vice president to Jefferson, tied him for president
Hamilton
secretary of treasury, paid the national debt
Louisiana Purchase
a purchase in 1803 that doubled America’s size
Laissez Faire
means let alone
Lewis & Clark
explored the Louisiana Territory
War Hawks
people who wanted to go to war
Embargo Act
forbade Americans to export or import goods
Nonintercourse Act
allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britain and France
Battle of Thames
a battle between the Americans and the Indians, Americans won, Tecumseh died in the fighting
Battle of New Orleans
battle between the Americans and the British, 2,000 British died, Andrew Jackson became a national hero because of this victory
Fort McHenry
a battle between the Americans and the British, Americans kept their fort, which was the key defense in Baltimore
Andrew Jackson
a Tennessee officer, hero of New Orleans
Tecumseh
a Shawnee leader who lead the Indians to fight the Americans
L’Ouverture
led a revolt of African slaves who wanted their freedom, revolted in Haiti
Clay
most outspoken War Hawk, from Kentucky
Jefferson
made a treaty with Napoleon to get the Louisiana Territory, reduced army and navy so it was hard for America to fight the British
Napoleon
dictator in France, wanted to conquer Europe
Boston Associates
a group who built a textile factory in Waltham, Massachusetts, founded by Francis Lowell
Lowell mills
textile factories in Lowell, Massachusetts, they were founded by Francis Lowell
Dumping
selling of goods in another country at very low prices
Capitalists
people who invest in a business to make a profit
Corduroy roads
roads made of logs
Turnpikes
roads built by a private company that charges a toll to use
Adams-Onis treaty
said that the United States gives $5 million to Spain in exchange for Florida
Monroe Doctrine
a statement that said the United States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations or colonies, also warned European nations not to interfere with newly independent nations of Latin America
Erie Canal
a canal that let western farmers ship their good to the port of New York
American System
a program that promoted economic growth for all sections of the U.S., called for high tariffs on imports, which helped northern factories and then northerners would buy farm products from the West and the South
James Monroe
last of three presidents in a row to be from Virginia, last Revolutionary War officer to become president, made a goodwill tour of the country, when he ran for his second term, no one opposed him
Simon Bolivar
best known South American revolutionary leader, became known as the Liberator, became president of the independent Republic of Great Colombia (present-day nations of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama)
Jose de San Martin
led Argentina to freedom, helped Chile, Peru, and Ecuador win independence
John Calhoun
speaker for the south, supported the War of 1812
Daniel Webster
most skillful public speaker of his time, from New England, opposed the War of 1812
Henry Clay
speaker for the west, favored a more active role for the central government, invented the American System
Moses Brown
Quaker merchant, wanted to build a spinning mill in Rhode Island, opened a mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island with the help of Samuel Slater
Eli Whitney
invented interchangeable parts, which saved gunsmiths time and money
ELECTION OF 1824
4 candidates and the top three went to Congress to be decided and it was down to John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson because Henry Clay was the 4th person voted for so in the Congress where he was powerful he had people vote for John Quincy Adams and whe
ELECTION OF 1828
Andrew Jackson v. John Quincy Adams Jackson won the election easily because he was for the common people farmers in the West and South and city workers in the East
ELECTION OF 1832
Jackson used the Bank of the US as his main issue and easily won the election of 1832
ELECTION OF 1836
Martin Van Buren succeeded Andrew Jackson in office and was his vice president in his second term
ELECTION OF 1840
William Henry Harrison beat Martin Van Buren to because president, he had the first real slogan which was Tippecanoe and Tyler too. Harrison acted as a simple farmer and visited people when he was actual from a rich family, mudslinging was introduced into
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT
Jackson didn't like Indians and in 1830 congress passed the Indians Removal Act forced 15,000 Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi on the Trail of Tears where ¼ of the people, mostly women and children died
NOMINATING CONVENTIONS
meeting at which a political party chooses a candidate which started in the 1830s
TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS
name southerners gave to the tariff passed in 1828 because they thought it was unfair to them because the tariff hurt them while it benefited everyone else, highest tariff in nation's history
STATES' RIGHTS
the right of states to limit the power of the federal government
SPOILS SYSTEM
introduced by Andrew Jackson where he would give positions of government to people who supported him in his election even if they weren't qualifie
NULLIFICATION
that a state had the right to nullify, or cancel, a federal law that is considered to be unconstitutional
SECESSION
the breaking away from something
SUFFRAGE
the right to vote
SECEDE
to withdraw from a membership in a group
CAUCUS
private meeting of political party leaders to choose a candidate
DEMOCRATS
Political party formed in the 1830s by supporters in Andrew Jackson
WHIGS
political party formed in 1830s by supporters of John Quincy Adams who wanted government to promote economic growth
HIGH TARIFFS
high tax on foreign good brought into a country
CHEROKEE INDIANS
in 1828 Georgia claimed the right to make laws for the Cherokee nation but the Cherokees went to court to defend their rights and were ruled in favor of in 1832 case Worcester v. Georgia but Andrew Jackson told the people of Georgia he was not going to en
PANIC OF 1837
Martin Van Buren believed in lassiez faire and so the country went through an economic crisis because the government sold millions of acres of public land in the west, the paper money being printed was not back up by silver or gold so it was of no value
JOHN TYLER
William Henry Harrison's vice president that took over when he died and was not a good president, his cabinet resigned and he was thrown out of the Whig party
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON
was president for only a short time because he got sick and died, an 1812 war hero from the Battle of Tippecanoe, beat Martin Van Buren in the election of 1840
MARTIN VAN BUREN
President for 1 term because he let America going into an economic crisis of 1837, Jackson's vice president in his seconds term
JOHN C. CALHOUN
Andrew Jackson's first vice president who resigned to lead the south in a rebellion
ANDREW JACKSON
hero of 1812 war, president for the common people, didn't like Indians put in place the trail of tears, served for two terms, introduced spoils system, had kitchen cabinet, leader of democratic party
DANIEL WEBSTER
spoke for the north against John C. Calhoun and was a great speaker
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS
made the corrupt bargain with Henry Clay, leader of Whigs party
JOHN MARSHALL
supreme court justice that favored Cherokee Indians in Worcester v. Georgia
HENRY CLAY
speaker for the west, part of "corrupt bargain', often settled disputes between the North and the South when they argued
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