A brief review of the last few sections for med term at IC
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| crin/o | to secrete
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| Endocrine System | System of glands throughout the body that directly release chemicals directly into the blood stream (ductless)
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| Types of Endocrine Glands | -Pituitary Gland
-Thyroid Gland
-Adrenal Glands
-Pancreas
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| Pituitary Gland | Master gland (regulates all other endocrine glands)
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| Pituitary Gland Hormones | Anterior
-Somatotropin
-Gonadotrophic Hormone
Posterior
-Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)
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| Somatotropin | Growth Hormone
-released during childhood/puberty
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| Hypersecretion of Somatotropin (Before Puberty) | Results in Gigantism
-caused by an Adenoma
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| Hypersecretion of Somatotropin (After Puberty) | Results in Acromegaly (enlarged extremities)
-hyper pituitarism
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| Hyposecretion of Somatotropin | Results in Dwarfism
-congenital
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| Achondroplastic dwarf | Premature closure of epiphyseal plate (causing short, thick arms & legs)
-early ossification
-lordosis
-pretruding forehead
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| Gonadotrophic Hormones | Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
-stimulates growth of ovaries & testes
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| ADH | Anti-diuretic Hormone
-Stimulate reabsorption of H2O via kidney tubules; keeps us hydrated
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| Diabetes Insipidus | Great deal of H2O is dilute
-polyuria
-polydypsia
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| Oxytoxin | Helps stimulate labor, contractions & milk production
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| Thyr/o, Thyroid/o | Thyroid Gland (needs Iodine to work properly)
-largest gland (located below the larynx)
-regulates heat & NRG
-maintains metabolism
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| Thyromegaly | AKA Goiter
-Iodine deficiency
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| Hyperthyroidism | Excessive production of the thyroid gland
-hot flashes
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| Grave's Disease | a cause of hyperthyroidism
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| Exophthalmos | Cause of hyperthyroidism
-Bulging eyeballs
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| Thyrotoxicosis | Cause by hyperthyroidism
-thyroid becomes toxic to itself
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| Thyroid Storm | Severe hyperthyroidism
-hyperpyrexia, respiratory distress, coma
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| Hypothyroidism | Lack of production of the thyroid gland
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| Myxedema | Swelling of mucus due to hypothyroidism
-dry, puffy skin due to mucus collect under skin
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| Cretinism | -Common in children
-Lack normal men. & phys. capacity
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| Adrenal Glands | Suprarenal
-secretes Epinephrine, Androgens, & Estrogens
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| Epinephrine | AKA Adrenaline
-Fight or Flight
-^HR, ^BP, ^constriction, dilate bronchi
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| Norepinephrine | Drug released to counter act epinephrine
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| Androgens | Hormone that increases Male secondary sex characteristics
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| Virilism | Excessive masculine characteristics (caused by tumor)
-Amenorrhea, hair growth, deep voice
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| Hirsutism | Excessive hair (M & F)
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| Estrogen | Hormone that increases Female secondary sex characteristics
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| Pancreas | Produces Insulin, Glucagon, & Somatostatin
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| Insulin | helps to metabolize sugars
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| Glucagon | ^ blood sugar, produces enzymes to break down fat
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| Diabetes Mellitus | -lacks insulin for carb. & sugar metabolism
-prevent sugar from exiting blood
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| Type I Diabetes Mellitus | Insulin dep.
-Insulin deficient
-needs insulin injections
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| Type II Diabetes Mellitus | Insulin Ind.
-too much sugar
-can be controlled by diet/loss of weight
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| Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | Diabetes during pregnancy
-goes away after delivery
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| Primary Complications of Diabetes Mellitus | 1. Hyperglycemia
2. Hypoglycemia
3. Ketoacidosis
4. Glycouria
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| Secondary Complications of Diabetes Mellitus | 1. Diabetic Retinopathy
2. Diabetic Nephropathy
3. Diabetic Neuropathy
4. Atherosclerosis
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| NPH | Neutral Protamine Hadedrom Insulin
-trade name for insulin
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| ADA | American Diabetic Association
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| GTT | Glucose Tolerance Test
-checks blood/urine for glucose
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| TFT | Thyroid Function Tests
-blood test: looking at T3-T4 lvls
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| Radioactive Iodine Uptake | Oral, low does, radioactive Iodine intake
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| Thyroid Scan | Look at radioactive compounds administered in thyroid, uptake in thyroid
-Ultra sound: size, shape, nodules
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| derm/o, dermat/o, cutane/o, cut/o | Skin
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| Function of the skin | 1. Protection- water loss, heat, invasion
2. Sensory- pain, temp, pressure, touch
3. Thermoregulation - sweat glands
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| Layers of the skin | 1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous Tissue
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| Epidermis | First layer of the skin
1. Stratum corneum (most superficial)
2. basal layer (deepest layer)
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| Melanocytes | Helps to determine pigment of skin
(more melanocytes->darker skin)
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| Albino | -No melanocytes; born (partial or total)
-extremely clear skin
-prone to skin cancer
-photophobia (fear of natural light)
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| Melanoma | Malignant neoplastin that starts out in melanocyte
Look at:
a. Assymetric
b. Border (Irregular)
c. Color
d. Diameter
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| Dermis | Contains fibrous CT, blood vessels, lymph nodes, nerves, hair, sweat glands
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| Subcutaneous | Area of fat formation
-Lip/o
-Adip/o
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| Accessory structures of the skin | -Hair
-Nails
-Sweat glands
-Cutaneous Lesions
-Symptoms
-Abnormal conditions
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| trich/o, pil/o | Hair
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| Pilomotor reflex | Erection of Hair (due to color, emotion, skin irritation)
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| Alopecia | Hair loss
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| Onych/o, Ungu/o | Nails
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| Onychogryposis | Thickened, curved over fingers & toe nail
ex. elder abuse & elder neglect
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| Onychophagia onychophagist | Biting your nails
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| Subungual Hematoma | Bruise/blood clot beneath nail due to trauma
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| Onychoclasis | Nails break
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| Onychotomy | Cutting Nails
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| Sweat Glands | Tiny coiled tubules/glands
pores=sweat glands
1. Apocrine
2. Eccrine
3. Sebaceous
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| Apocrine | Sweat glands
-large in size, auxillary
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| Eccrine | Sweat Gland
-smaller, helps dissipate hair
found in palms of hand, soles of feet
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| Hidr/o | Sweat
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| Sebaceous Glands | Oil glands; produce sebum
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| Comedo | Blackheads
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| Acne | zits, pus
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| Lesions | Area of damaged tissue caused by disease/trauma
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| Cutaneous Lesions | -Cyst
-Fissure
-Macule
-Papule
-Polyp
-Pustule
-Ulcer
-Vesicle
-Wheal
-Bullae
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| Cyst lesion | filled/semi solid thick walled bump
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| Fissure lesion | deep slit, groove
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| Macule lesion | discoloration
ex. freckle
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| Papule lesion | small elevation of skin
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| Polyp lesion | benign growth extending from the unctuous membrane surface
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| Pustule lesion | pus-filled sac/lesion
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| Ulcer lesion | Open sore on skin/mucus membrane (eating away)
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| Vesicle lesion | clear-fluid filled (elevation of skin); blister
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| Wheal | smooth, slight elevated, edema
ex. mosquito bite, hives
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| Bullae lesion | Large vesicle (boil)
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| Symptoms | -Ecchymosis
-Petechia
-Pruritus
-Purpura
-Urticaria
-Vitiligo
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| Ecchymosis | Bruise
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| Petechia | Small, pinpoint hemorrhaging
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| Pruritus | Itchy/Itching
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| Purpura | Merging of Ecchymosis & Petechia
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| Urticaria | Acute allergic reaction; arising of wheals
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| Vitiligo | Loss of pigmentation of skin; White chalky patches; Leukodermia
(caused by diabetes, thyroid condition)
ex. michael jackson
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| Abnormal Conditions of the skin | -Burns
-Cellulitis
-Eczema
-Gangrene
-Impetigo
-Psoriasis
-Scabies
-Scleroderma
-Systemic Lupus Erythematosis (SLE)
-Tinea
-Callus
-Keloid
-Keratosis
-Nevus
-Verruca
-Malignant melanoma
-basal cell carcinoma
-Squamous cell carcinoma
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| Burns | -caused by chemicals, radiation, heat, gases
-degrees depend on lvl of penetration
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| 1st degree burn | Erythema (redness of skin)
-effects epidermis
-hyperesthesia/hyperalgesia
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| 2nd degree burn | "Partial thickness burn"
epidermis & dermis
-blisters
7-21 days
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| 3rd degree burns | "Full thickness burn"
-All skin layers
-anesthetic/analgesia/hypoesthesia
-scared, poor textured
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| Eschar | dead skin that falls off after healthy skin forms
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| Rule of Nines | Body divided into areas of 9%, in which burns occur
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| Cellulitis | Acute bacterial infection of skin
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| Eczema | Inflammatory skin disorder, redness, palpullae
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| Gangrene | Death of tissue due to lack of blood supply; ischemia
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| Impetigo | Bacterial infection; fluid filled lesions to skin, filled w pus, crusts over, caused by staph/strep
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| Psoriasis | -Chronic cond. of skin, near joint areas
-itchy, scaly, red patches, silvery scales
-^growth of basal layer of epidermis
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| Scabies | Contagious, caused by parasite infection
-found in children & sexual contact
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| Scleroderma | Chronic/progressive
-disease of CT in skin; shrinking/hardening of tissue & skin
-binds body down, skin pulls on organs
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| SLE | Systemic Lupus Erthematosis
-Chronic inflammatory disease
-affects collagen in skin, joints, organs
-butterfly shape lesion on face
-common in females
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| Tinea Capitus | Ringworm of head or scalp
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| Tinea Cruris | Fungal infection of groin
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| Tinea Pedis | "Athelete's Foot"
=Fungal Infection of foot
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| Callus | ^ scale/skin due to pressure/friction
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| Keloid | Hypertrophed area due to trauma or surgical incision (excessive collagen formation)
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| Keratosis | Cond. w. benign thick lesion/area of skin due to excessive exposure to sun
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| Nevus | Mole
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| Verruca | Warts
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| Malignant Melanoma | Follow's ABCD's
-due to sun exposure
-Cancerous growth of melanocyte
-metastasis to lymph nodes, liver, lung, brain
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| Basal Cell Carcinoma | Affects deepest layer of skin
(non-metastasizing)
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| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Affects squamous cells
(metastasis to lymph nodes)
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| Cryosurgery | Freezing to do surgery
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| Skin Biopsy | Taking skin tissue to be tested
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| Punch Biopsy | Taking skin sample from middle of lesion, take core to lab
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| Patch Test | Take arm, warp in gauze with allergens, see if it affects
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| Scratch Test | Take arm, take needle, scratch skin w allergen, see if it affects
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| Intradermal Test | Take arm, put allergen under skin
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| Emollient | Skin softener
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| Antipruritic | Anti-itching
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| Antiseptic | applied to living tissue to clean
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| Keratolytics | Breaking down keratin layer
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| Skin patch | transdermal system of medication delivery
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