Worsham Micro Q1
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| Microbiology | the study of microorganisms and their effects on other organisms
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| eukaryotic | have a true nucleus and membranebound organelles
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| prokaryotic | do not have a nucleus or membranebound organelles
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| taxonomical hierarchy | Domain, Kingdom, Division/Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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| 3 primary Domains | Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
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| 5 Kingdoms | Prokaryote or Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plant and Animal
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| Binomial nomenclature | formal system of naming species
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| Scientific study of bacteria | bacteriology
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| Mycology | scientific study of fungal organisms.
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| Rickettsiology | scientific study of rickettsia
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| immunology | study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms
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| simple, single-celled organisms that are prokaryotic, a member of the Monera Kingdom, and are generally 1 of 3 shapes | basic characteristics of bacterial cells
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| what type of bacteria has no cell wall, is the smallest free-living organism and is intermediate in size between most bacterial cells and viruses | Mycoplasma bacteria
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| what type of bacteria is generally involve an insect in disease transmssion to a human host, are obligate intracellular parasites, and cause diseases known as typhus fevers | Richettsia bacteria
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| what type if bacteria is an obligate intercellular parasite and has a unique life cycle | Chlamydia bacteria
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| what are the characteristics of Protozoa | Eukaryotes (Domain), most are unicellular, the first formed animals(simpleast of animals), and Protista Kingdom
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| what are the characteristics of fungal organisms | Eukaryotes (Domain), Fungi Kingdom, examples are mold and yeast
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| what are the characteristics of a virus | submicroscopic, acellular, contains a nucleic acid core surrounded by a capsid containing either DNA or RNA
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| what does submicroscopic mean | must be seen with an electron microscope
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| capsid | protein coat
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| obligate intracellular parasites | can only reproduce within a host cell and cannot survive outside the host cell
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| CJD | a degenerative nuerological disease that is always fatal
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| CJD and mad cow disease are examples of | prions
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| characteristics of prions | abnormal infectious protein, very resistant to vacines, typical starilizing is not saficant, and causes diseases known as transmissible spongilform encephalopathies (TSE's) where the brain takes on a sponge-like appearance
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| what is the purpose of Gram Stain and Acid-fast stain | to identify types of bacteria
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| Gram-negative bacteria means | they tend to be more resistant to penicillin
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| what genus is Acid-fast used to id | Mycobacterium
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| Leparacey and tuberculosis is identified by | Acid-fast stain
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| morphology | the study of shape and form without regard to function
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| bacteria is measured in | micrometers
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| 3 primary shapes of bacteria | sphereical, rod-shaped & spiral
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| cocci (coccus) are | sphereical or berry shaped
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| Staphylococcus aureus (skin abscess) and Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat) are what shape | cocci or sphereical
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| bacillus (bacilli) are | rod-shaped or colum like
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| Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever), Shigella olysenteriae (shigellosis) and Clostridium tetani (tetanus are what shape | bacillus or rod-shaped
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| vibrio are | comma-shaped
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| spirochetes are | helical (flexible when in motion)
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| spirillum are | helical (rigid when in motion)
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| monomorphic | does not change shape
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| pleomorphic | does change shape
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| Most bacteria are monomorphic, T/F | True
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| diplococci | cocci that remain in pairs
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| streptococci | cocci that remain attached in a chainlike pattern after dividing
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| tetrads | cocci that divides in 2 planes & remain in groups of 4
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| sarcinae | cocci that divides in 3 planes and remain attached in cube-like groups of 8
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| staphylococci | cocci that divides in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters
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| diplobacilli | bacilli that divides across the short axis and remain in pairs
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| strptobacilli | bacilli that divides across their short axis and remains in chains
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| coccobacilli | bacilli are oval and look so much like cocci they are called coccobacilli
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| capsule | closely attached and organized outer layer of the cell wall
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| slime layer | loosely attached and unorganized outer layer of the cell wall
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| glycocalyx | a sticky, gelatinous coating secreted that surround the cell wall
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| how does the capsule or slime layer enhance virulence | resisting phagocytosis
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| this type of bacteria has a capsule | Streptococcus pneumoniae
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| flagella | long, whiplike, filament-containing appendages that allow bacteria to move (motility)
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| monotrichous | single polar flagellum
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| amphitrichous | flagellum or flegella at both ends of a bacteria
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| lophotrichous | tufts or bunches of flagella at one end of the bacteria
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| peritrichous | flagella covering the entire surface
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| taxis is | movement toward or away from a stimulus
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| phototaxis | bacterial stimulus is light
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| chemotaxes | bacterial stimuli includes chemicals
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| axial filaments or endoflagella | unique type of flagella produced by spirochetes
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| an example of a bacteria that produces axial filaments is | Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
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| pili (fimbriae) | short hairlike or bristle-like appendages that allow bacterica to attach to surfaces
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| an example of bacteria that produces pili is | Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea)
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| What are the main functions of a bacterial cell wall | prevents rupturing when the water pressure inside is greater then outside and helps maintain the shape of the bacterium
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| peptidoglycan | primary macromolecular network of a bacterial cell wall
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| A Gram-Pos cell wall has many layers or few layers of peptidoglycan | many
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| teichoic acids are found in Gram-Pos or Gram-Neg | Gram-Pos
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| A Gram-Neg cell wall has many layers or few layers of peptidoglycan | few
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| Gram-Neg cell wall consists of | lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids
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| What is the purpose of lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins and phosphlipids in what type of cell | helps evade phagocytosis in Gram-Neg
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| Which is more susceptible to mechanical breakage, Gram-Pos or Gram-Neg | Gram-Neg
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| What is the lipid portion of lipoplysaccharides called and referred to as | Lipid A and endotoxin
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| When is endotoxin released | when there is bacterial lysis
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| What are the 2 primary types of toxins | endotoxin and exotoxin
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| what is an example of an atypical bacterial cell | Mycoplasma
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| what is selective toxicity | when the chemical difference in the bacterial cell wall from the host cells so that antibiotics will target the bacteria and not the host's cells
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| What is the digestive enzyme that can damage the bacterial cell wall that is present in saliva and mucus | lysozyme
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| Which cell wall is almost completely destroyed by lysozyme | Gram-Pos
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| What is a wall-less cell is called | portoplast
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| When lysozyme is present a Gram-Neg the cell wall is | not completely destroyed
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| spheroplast is | what remains of a Gram-Neg cell and its wall after lysozyme
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| where is the plasma membrane located | inside the cell wall, enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell
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| what is the most important function of the plasma membrane | determines what substances exit and enter the cell
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| What are the types of movement of materials across membranes | passive and active
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| when substances move with the concentration gradient, is that passive or active | passive
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| how much ATP is expended in passive transport | none
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| how do substances move against the concentration gradient | active transport and use of ATP
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| what is simple diffusion | the net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through passive transport
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| what is facilitated diffusion | substances are transported through the plasma membrane by using a carrier protein from high concentration to low concentration
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| carrier proteins are also known as | transporter or protease
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| what is osmosis | the simple diffusion of water
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| what is a solvent | the substance the solute is being desolved in
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| what is a solute | the substance being desolved
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| what is a solution | the mixture of the solvent and solute
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| what are the 3 types of osmotic solutions a bacterial cell may be subjected to | isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic
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| isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic are describing the | solute concentration outside the cell
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| when the solute concentration outside the cell is equal to the solute concentration inside the cell the cell is in what type of solution | isotonic or in equilibrium
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| what is a hypotonic solution | when the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than the solute concentration inside the cell
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| when a cell is in a hypotonic solution it may burst or collapse | expand and burst
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| plasmoptysis or osmotic lysis is | when a cell expands and bursts
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| hypo means | less or under
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| hyer means | above or more
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| what is a hypertonic solution | when the solute concentratin outside the cell is high then the solute concentratin inside
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| when a cell is in a hypertonic solution it may burst or colapse | shrink and collapse
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| when a cell undergoes plasmolysis it | shrinks and collapses
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| in active transport is the the substance being transported chemically changed? | no
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| what type of cells use group translocation and what is different about it | prokaryotic cells and the substance is chemically altered
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| in a prokaryotic cell where is the cytoplasm | inside the plasma membrane where all major structures are located
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| what are inclusions or inclusion bodies | temporary storage of ATP and other nutriants, controls meterial being released throughout the cell
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| what are 3 other names for nuclear area | nuclear body, nuclear region, nucleoid
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| what is the function of ribosomes | protein synthesis
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| is the creation of an endospore a reproductive or a defense mechanism | defense or protective
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| what type of cells create endospores, Gram-Pos or Gram-Neg | Gram-Pos
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| What shape are the bacteria that create endospores | rod-shaped
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| what is the process of spore formation called | sporulation or sporogenisis
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| non-spor state is called | vegetative state
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| germination of a spor is | going from spor to vegetative
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| what are the important characteristics of the bacterial cell wall | prevents rupture, helps maintian shape & integrity, point of anchorage for flagella, produces peptidoglycan
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| what type of cell has many layers of peptidoglycon superior to plasma membrane and contains teichoic acids | Gram-pos
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| what type of cell only has 1 or few layers of peptodoglycan & an outer membrane, consists of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins & phosholipids and products 2 types of toxins | Gram-neg
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| which is more susceptible to mechanical breakage, Gram-pos or neg | Gram-neg
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| which is better at evading phagocytosis | Gram-neg
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| Lipid A is referred to as | an endotoxin
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| endotoxins are not released unless | there is bacterial lysis
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| what are the 2 types of toxins | endotoxins and exotoxin
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| endotoxins are apart of | the Gram-neg cell wall
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| exotoxins are secreated | to the outside of the cell
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| protoplast | wall-less cell when the cell wall is destroyed by lysozyme in Gram-pos cells
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| spheroplast | when the cell wall is not completely destroyed by lysozyme in Gram-neg cell
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| where is the plasma membrane of a bacteria cell located | internal to the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell
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| what is the primary function of the plasma membrane of the bacteria cell | determines what substances exit and enter the cell
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| what are 2 secondary functions of the plasms membrane of the bacteria cell | enzymatic breakdown of nutrients and enzymatic production of ATP
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| passive transport | allows substances to cross the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the concentration gradient, no energy is used
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| active transport | movement of substances in and out of the cell against the concentration gradient, using energy
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| simple diffusion | net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to low concentration
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| facilitated diffusion | movement of larger molecules from higher to lower areas of concentration by using a carrier protein (protease)
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| osmosis | simple diffusion of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration
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| what effect would an isotonic solution have on the bacterial cell wall | none, it would be in equilibrium
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| what effect would a hypertonic solution have on the bacterial cell wall | the cell would shrink, collapse or undergo plasmolysis. concentration outside is higher then inside
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| what effect would a hypotonic solution have on the bacterial cell wall | expand & burst; plasmoptysis; osmotic lysis. concentration outside is lower then inside
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| what type of cell uses group transport | prokaryotic cells
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| what type of transport chemically changes during the transport process | group transport
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| what types of transport use ATP | group and active
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| what type of transport moves molecules against the concentration graident | active transport
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| where is the cytoplasm in a prokaryotic cell | inside the cell wall & plasma membrane
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| where is teh cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell | inside the cell wall & plasma membrane but outside the nueclus
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| where is the cell's genetic info located | vuclear body (nuclear area, nuclear region, uncleoid)
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| what structure is responsible for protein synthesis | ribosomes
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| function of the inclusion bodies | temporary storage of nutrients
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| what shape are endospores | Rod-shaped
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| What genera form endospores | Clostridium and Bacillus
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| what would make a bacterial cell form an endospore | the environment for the bacterial cell have changes so drasticly, the cell cannot survive
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| what is the non-spore state of an endospore forming cell | vegetative
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| when returning to vegetative state | germination
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| is an endospore is created is it for reproduction or protection | protection
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| psychrophile | bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temps between 0-25 degrees C
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| mesophile | bacteria that prefer moderate temps and develop best at temps between 25-40 degrees C
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| thermophile | bacteria that thrive best at high temps between 40-70 degrees C
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| temp below which bacterial growth will not take place | minimum growth temperature
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| temp above which bacterial growth will not take place | maximum growth temperature
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| temp at which organisms grow best | optimum growth temperature
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| what is the optimum pH for bacterial growth | near neutral, range from 6-8
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| there is no net flow of water in or out of the cell when | osmotic pressure is high
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| what are major nutrient requirements for bacteria | water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, copper, molybdenum and zinc
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| why is water important to bacterial growth | all require moisture but not all need the same amount
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| why is carbon important to bacterial growth | structural backbone and one of the most important requirements for growth
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| why are N,S,P,Fe, Cu, Zn & molybdenum important for bacterial growth | needed by the cell for protein synthesis, synthesis of DNA, RNA & ATP
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| bacteria that require complex organic food from a carbon source to grow & develop or "other feeder" | heterotroph-most pathogenic bacteria
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| self-nourishing bacteria capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds, uses carbon dioxide | autroph-plants
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| completely dependant on their living host for nutrients they need to survive | obligate parasite
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| survives on dead or decaying organic matter | obligate saprophyte
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| facultative parasite | has the ability to adpat and survive on living organic matter but prefers dead or decaying organic matter
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| facultative saprophyte | has the ability to adapt and survive on dead or decaying organic matter but perfers living organic matter
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| obligate aerobe | microorganisms that can only live in the presence of oxygen, because they need it to metablolize sugars
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| obligate anaerobe | microbes that can only survive in an environment devoid of oxygen
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| adapted to survival in the presence of oxygen but prefers the live without oxygen | facultative aerobe
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| adapted to survival without oxygen but prefers the presence of oxygen | facultative anaerobe
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| microaerophile | microorganisms that require little free oxygen (2-10%)
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| microorganisms that thrive/require the presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide, low oxygen | capnophile
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| bacterial colony | visible group of bacteria growing on a culture medium
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| more then 1 species | mixed colony
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| pure colony | only 1 species
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| simple transverse division | binary fission
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| binary fission | method of asexual reporduction in bacteria in which the parent cell splits into 2 parts (daughter cells)
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| time required for a cell to divide (population to double) | generation time
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| bacterial growth calculation equation | Bf=Bix2N
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| Bf is | final bacterial population after a determinded amount of time
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| Bi is | given value (number of bacterial cells)
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| N is | number of generations
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