Blood
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| What transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones/ helps maintain the stability of the interstial fluid; and distributes heat? | Blood
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| ____ blood is slightly heavier and three to four times more viscous than water. | Whole
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| Blood volume is usually about what % of body weight? | 8%
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| The average sized adult has a blood volume of about how many liters? | 5 liters
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| A blood sample is usually about what percent of red blood cells? | 45%
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| The white blood cells and platlets account for less than what percent? | 1%
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| What is the remaining 55% part of a blood sample that is straw-colored? | Plasma
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| What mixture includes water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular waste? | Plasma
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| Blood cells originate in red bone marrow from what cells | Hematopoietic stem cells
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| A protein called _____ stimulates large cells called megakaryocytes toproliferate | thrombopoietin
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| biconcave discs, thin near their centers and thicker around their rims | erythrocytes
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| oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells | hemoglobin
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| _____ eventually come apart, yeilding platelets | megakaryocytes
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| Prolonged oxygen deficiency | hypoxia
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| when hemoglobin combines with oxygen, the resulting ____ is bright red | oxyhemoglobin
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| when the oxygen is released, the resulting _____ is darker | deoxyhemoblobin
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| the largest blood cells, 2-3x bigger than red blood cells, kidney-shaped nuclei, mature into macrophages | monocytes
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| without cytoplasmic granules | agranulocytes
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| respond to thrombopoietin and yield platelets | megakaryocytes
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| red blood cells | erythrocytes
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| white blood cells of immunity; b & t cells | lymphocytes
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| leukocytes with granular cytoplasm | granulocytes
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| divides and gives rise to specialized/differentiated cells that can be of any type | stem cells
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| contain histamine and heparin granules, which promote inflammation and inhibit blood clotting and account for less than 1% of the leukocytes | basophils
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| young red cells that contain a netlike structure for a day or two before maturing (remainder of ER) | reticulocytes
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| white blood cells that protect against disease | leukocytes
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| platelets | thrombocytes
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| moderate allergic reactions and defend against parasitic infections; 1-3% of total leukocytes | eosinophils
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| pac man cells that phagocytize debris and microbes | macrophages
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| lobed nucleus with 2-5 segs, called PMNs, 1st WBCs to arrive at infection site, phagocytize microbes, 54-62% of leukocytes | neutrophils
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| the oxygen-carrying portion of blood is called | hemoglobin
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| the iron-carrying portion of hemoglobin in the blood is called | heme
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| a deficiency of red blood cells, or a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin they contain results in a condition called | anemia
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| oxygen-deficiency | hypoxia
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| bluish skin | cyanotic
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| when hemoglobin breaks down, heme decomposes into iron and the green pigment called | biliverdin
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| biliverdin is then converted into an orange pigment called | bilirubin
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| what is the lifespan of red blood cells | 120 days
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| why are red blood cells destroyed | to create a homeostatic environment by controling the rate of blood cell production
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| how are red blood cells destroyed | rupture as they pass through the spleen or liver
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| where are red blood cells destroyed | in the spleen or liver then macrophages phagocytize them
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| what 2 hormones cause leukocytes to differentiate? Where? | interleukins and colony-stimulating factors. both are found in red bone marrow
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| what is the lifespan of leukocytes | 12 hours
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| how do leukocytes move and squeeze between cells of small blood vessels | diapedesis
which allows leukocytes to leave the circulation, then they use ameboid motion to self propel
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| damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes a process called | positive chemotaxis
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| a decrease in the amount of white blood cells | leukopenia
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| an increase in the amount of white blood cells | leukocytosis
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| a drop in platelet count, | thrombocytopenia
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| limits thrombin formation | antithrombin
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| contraction of smooth muscles in vessel walls | vasospasm
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| an abnormal blood clot forms in a vessel | thrombus
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| smallest plasma protein but accounts for 60% | albumins
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| insoluble protein threads in clot formation | fibrin
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| in muscle/brain tissues; stores energy bonds | creatine phosphate
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| soluble plasma protein in coagulation | fibrinogen
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| a clot dislodges, breaks loose | embolus
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| 36% of plasma proteins; alpha/beta/gamma | globulins
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| blockage formed in vessel during coagulation | platelet plug
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| factor 2, alpha globulin, liver makes, converts | prothrombin
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| factor 2a, fragments fibrinogen (factor 1) | thrombin
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| stopping of bleeding when blood vessels are damaged is called | hemostasis
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| release of biochemicals from broken blood vessels or damaged tissues triggers | extrinsic clotting mechanism
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| blood contact with foreign surfaces in the absence of tissue damage stimulates the | intrinsic clotting mechanism
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| abnormally activated coagulation associated with bacterial infection or toxins in the blood is called | disseminated intravascular clotting
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| a self-initiating action in which the original action stimulates more of the same type of action and can operate only for a short perios of time is called | positive feedback
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| when a blood clot forms in a vessel that supplies a magor organ and blocks blood flow and kills tissues the vessels serves, this is called an | infarction
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| the most common cause of thrombosis in medium-size arteries, causing abnormal clot formations, as well as fatty deposit accumulations is called | atherosclerosis
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| when prolonged immobility causes blood to pool, leading to clot formation, especially in the popliteal veins or in the deep veins of the pelvis, this is called | deep vein thrombosis
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| the following is based on the presence or absence of 2 major antigens on red blood cell membranes (antigen A or antigen B) | ABO blood group
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| if a pregnant woman is rh-negative and is pregnant with her second child, who is rh-positive, without shots of rhogam, the anti-rh antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells, resulting in a condition called | erythroblastois fetalis
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| if a person has type A blood, can they accept blood from another type a donor | yes and type o
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| if a person has type o blood can they receive blood from any type of donor | no
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| if a person has type ab blood, can they receive blood from type a or type b | yes and type o
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| if a person has type b blood, can they receive blood from type o | yes
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| what happens during a mismatched blood transfusion | red cells burst releasing hemoglobin. Macrophages eat the hemoglobin, breaking it down into heme and globin. Which is broken down even farther to bilirubin produceing jaundice of the skin . kidneys may fail
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