Exam 2 Review
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| 1. Connective tissue is made up of | Cells + Matrix
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| 2. Matrix consists of | Fibers and Ground Substance
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| 3. Most common cell in CT is | Fibroblasts found in the matrix
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| 4. Ground substance is the diffusion medium of CT and is made up of | A sugary substance -> GAGs and PGs (glycosominoglycones and protoglycans)
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| 5. Ground substance has a very high affinity for | Water
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| 6. The more sulfated GAGs in the ground substance the more… | Rigid the tissue becomes -> SO4 hangs onto water tightly and water provides the diffusion medium
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| 7. Ground substance does 3 things, what are they | Bind O2 Provide rigidity Immunological barrier
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| 8. The most common fiber in CT is | Collagen
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| 9.Type I is | Most common type collagen fiber in the body found in Skin Dermis Tendon Bone Ligament Fascia Fibrous cartilage Cornea Loose fibrous tissue
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| 10. Type II is | Hylaline and elastic cartilage Vertebral discs
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| 11. Type III | Reticular fiber -> (all characteristics of collagen but more branching and thinner) Blood vessels Parenchymal organs Bone marrow Lymphoid tissue Smooth muscle Nerves Lung Fetal skin
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| 12. Type IV is | Non-fibrous collagen of the basal lamina Basement membranes External lamina
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| 13. Name is majority cell in cartilage | Chondroblasts -> active Chondrocyte -> inactive
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| 14.Name majority cell in bone | Osteoblasts -> active in making Osteoclasts -> breakdown bone
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| 15. Name majority cell in adipose | Adipocytes -> mature Lipoblasts -> not mature/undifferentiated
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| 16.Dense irregular CT can be found in | Fascia and dermis
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| 17.Dense regular CT can be found in | Aponeuroses, tendons, and ligaments
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| 18. Starting below the basement membrane of the epidermis, what 2 layers will you find | After the basement membrane you find: Dermis -> Loose CT and dense CT Subcutaneous layer ------------------------(below you will find) Superficial fascia Muscle Deep fascia
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| 19. Name 3 parts of the integument and define tissue type | Epidermis-epith'l tissue type • made up of 6 layers, • keratinized, • avascular • exhibits tight junctions Dermis-made up of loose and dense irr. CT Subcutaneous-adipose • shock absorbing • energy storage • insulating(vasculature)
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| 20a. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 1.Tendons | answer a)dense regular CT
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| 20b. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 2. Deep Fascia | answer b)dense irregular CT
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| 20c. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 3.Perimyseum | answer b)dense irregular CT
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| 20d. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 4. Endomyseum | answer d)neither
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| 20e. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 5.Ligament | answer a)dense regular CT
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| 21.Adipose tissue is made up of | Triacylglycerols(TAG)->Neutral fat->Saturated Fat<-Triglyceride
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| 22. function of the CT is to | 1. Energy Storage 2. Calcium Storage 3. Immunological Barrier
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| 23. What are the two hormones that activate Ca^2+ storage? | Calcitonin -> decreases blood Calcium by increasing activity of osteoblasts in the presence of Vitamin D Parathyroid -> increases blood calcium levels by increasing activity of osteoCLASTS
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| 24. What type of tissue comes from Mesenchyme? | All CT All Myocardium Smooth muscle Endothelium Mesothelium Synovial bursas blood
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| 25. Does mesenchyme have leptochromatic or pacychromatic nucleus? | Leptochromatic nucleus
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| 26. Is blood a CT? | YES! Blood (hematopoietic stems)= cells + matrix(plasma) Cells: RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets Matrix(plasma): Ground substance(serum)+Fibers(Clotting factor)
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| 27. Most common CT is | Loose CT-> 50/50 cells to matrix ratio
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| 28. Does loose CT contain blood vessels? | YES! VERY VASCULAR
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| 29. The majority cell in loose CT is the | Fibroblasts
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| 30. Where do fibroblasts come from? (what type of cell) | mesenchyme
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| 31. Can fibroblasts make a whole collagen molecule? | No. They synthesize the components of all parts of the matrix, but do not make the whole collagen fiber
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| 32. What is the other cell readily found in loose CT that we talked about in class? | Marcophage
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| 33. Where do macrophages come from (what type of cell)? | Mesenchyme->start as hematopoietic stem cells->to monocytes->to macrophage
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| 34. What are some primary functions of macrophages? | 1.phagocytosis 2.recycling of iron from hemoglobin catabolism 3. interferons 4. interleukins 5. clotting factor
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| 35. Do macrophages originate in loose CT? | No, they are immigrant phagocytic cells in the CT
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| 36. Once macrophages differentiate in the tissue can they go back into the blood? | NO! But if cells don’t differentiate, then yes they can
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| 37. How long to macrophages last in the tissue? | Years
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| 38. How long to macrophages last in the blood? | 4 days or so
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| 39. What two types of lymphocytes can be found in the loose CT? | B and T lymphocytes
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| 40. What is a lymphocyte? | A type of white blood cell
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| 41. What type of nucleus to lymphocytes contain? | pachychromatic
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| 42. Can you tell the difference between B and T in a light microscope? | No
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| 43. What is a plasma cell? | Activated B-lymphocyte
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| 44. What activates the B-lymphocyte? | Macrophages and T-lymphocytes
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| 45. What organelles are in abundance in a plasma cell? | Lots of rough ER Secretory granules-> • contain antibodies/immunoglobulins (IgG)
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| 46. Where can you find mast cells? | found in loose CT, in the blood
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| 47. What do mast cells produce? | Histamine, heparine, and other chemical mediators of INFLAMMATION!
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| 48. What are mast cells called in the blood? | Basophils (a type of WBC)
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| 49. Name the two mechanisms of degranulation in mast cells | 1. produce antibodies->presumes pathogen present (requires Ca++ to convert to arachodonic acid->how you release histamine to get inflammatory response) 2. neurogenic inflammation->most common
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| 50a. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 1. produced in the thyroid gland | answer a) Calcitonin
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| 50b. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 2. increases blood Ca | answer b) Parathyroid
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| 50c. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 3. regulate blood Ca levels | answer c) Both Calcitonin and Parathyroid
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| 50d. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 4. Osteoblasts activated | answer a) Calcitonin
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| 50e. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 5. Vitamin D dependent | answer b) Parathyroid
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| 50f. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 6. produced by an endocrine gland | answer c) Both Calcitonin and Parathyroid
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| 51. Which mechanism is more prominent? | Neurogenic inflammation mechanism
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| 52. How does neurogenic inflammation work? | Irritator->nociceptor (c-fiber)->substance P-> inflammatory response
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| 53. What does Substance P release? | Arachadonic acid and heparin (fast response!)
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| 54. Dense irregular CT is made up of | Collagen fibers and fibroblasts
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| 55. Does Dense Irregular CT have more vasculature compared to loose CT? | NO! It has less vasculature
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| 56. Name four examples of dense irregular CT | Fascia epimysium deep/superficial fascia perimysium
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| 57. Dense irregular tissue has the most cells out of the CT proper group. T/F | F! It has the least amount of cells and almost no vasculature compared to loose and dense irregular CT
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| 58.What is cross-fiber friction? | How you loosen muscle fibers if too tight
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| 59. How long does it take to make a collagen fiber? | 72 hrs
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| 60. Plasma comprises what % of the blood | 55%
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| 61. Out of the 55% percent blood that is plasma, how much of the plasma is water? | 90% of plasma is water
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| 62. What is the most common plasma protein? | Albumin
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| 63. Where is albumin produced? | Liver
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| 64. What does albumin do? | Maintains colloid osmotic pressure Binds and transports fatty acids from adipose cells Binds are transports unconjugated bilirubin to liver Important free radical scavenger Anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects
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| 65. What are the three globulin groups in the plasma? | Alpha, beta and gamma
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| 66. alpha and beta globulins function as | Transport molecules, clotting factors and inactive precursor molecules. Produced by the liver.
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| 67. What is another name for gamma globulins? | Immunoglobulins which make up the circulating antibodies
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| 68. What are the two main types of alpha globulins? | Alpha-1 and alpha-2
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| 69. alpha-1 fraction includes | Antitrypsin and thyroxin binding globulin
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| 70. alpha-2 consists of several substances. What substance helps carry heme or hemoglobin to cells where they can be broken down | haptoglobin
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| 71. .alpha-2 also has a substance that carries what vitamin to the liver | Vitamin D
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| 72. Two other substances (aside from the substance that carries vitamin D to the liver) alpha-2 contains are | HDL cholesterol->to liver for excretion by gallbladder Angiotensinogen->activated in the kidney to regulate Na+ reuptake
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| 73. Beta-globulin contain what three substances? | Transferrin->transports iron to bone marrow and liver Plasminogen->dissolution of clots LDL cholesterol
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| 74. Gamma-globulins circulate what? | Antibodies (IgG’s made by the activated plasma cells)
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| 75. ELECTROLYTES: Ca++’s primary function is | Muscle contraction, action potential transmission, ion channel regulation, bone and teeth structure, activating of oocytes, blood clotting…
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| 76. ELECTROLYTES: Na+ functions include | Maintenance of blood volume, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity. Balance is maintained in the kidney
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| 77. ELECTROLYTES: K+ | Creation of resting potential, sodium-potassium pump, muscle contraction, heart contraction. Hypokalemia is disease of decreased amounts of K+
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| 78. ELECTROLYTES: What disease is characterized be decreased amounts of K+? | Hypokalemia
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| 79. ELECTROLYTES: Mg++ | Nucleic acid synthesis, cofactor for many enzymes, ATP synthesis and usage, DNA and RNA synthesis
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| 80. ELECTROLYTES: Cl- | Chloride-bicarbonate exchanger participates importantly in the ability of plasma to increase its capacity for CO2. Also most important inhibitory nerutransmitters in the CNS (GABA and glycine) rely on Cl-
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| 81. ELECTROLYTES: inhibitory nerutransmitters in the CNS (GABA and glycine) rely on what electrolyte? | Cl-
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| 82. ELECTROLYTES: HCO3- | Represents amount of solube CO2 in the blood. Produced by carbonic anydrases in the RBC->buffer
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| 83. Normal fasting plasma levels of glucose should be | 100mg/dl
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| 84. Erythrocytes are | RBCs
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| 85. In adults Erythrocytes are derived from red bone marrow in what structures? | Vertebrae, pelvis, ribs, and sternum
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| 86. Name the three types of anemia | Blood loss anemia Hemolytic anemia->genetic, sickle cell Deficiency Anemia->folic acid and B12 deficiency
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| 87. Leukocytes (WBC’s) make up what % of the blood | 1-2%
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| 88. When you think of neutrophils you should be thinking of what? | Bacterial infection debris
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| 89. When you think of allergic response and parasitical infections you think of what type of cell? | Eosinophils
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| 90. When you think of the sister to a Mast Cell you think of what? | Basophil
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| 91. The substance in the granules include: | Histamine, heparin, slowing reacting substance of anaphylaxis, eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
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| 92. Basophils are mediated by | Interleukin-3
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| 93. What two cells degranulate when the IgE antibodies bound to their surface are bridged with an antigen? | Basophils and Mast cells
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| 94. Monocytes and lymphocytes are considered what type of cell? | Agranulocytes
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| 95. Monocytes are the precursor cells to what | Macrophages
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| 96. Where doesmonocyte activity primarily takes place? | In the tissues
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| 97. differentiated monocytes into macrophages are activated by what | Interferon-gamma->marcrophages then phagocytose antigens and present them to B-lymphocytes
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| 98. Lymphocytes are a part of the | Adaptive immune system
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| 99. What are the two types of lymphocytes? | B and T
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| 100. T cells mature in what gland | Thymus
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| 101. Where do B and T lymphocytes reside? | Lymph nodes and spleen
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| 102. MALT and GALT are | Places where lymphocytes are housed in the mucosa of the oropharynx (MALT) and the gut (GALT)
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| 103. Lymphocytes are a part of what type of immune response | Adaptive immune system
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| 104. Basic function of T lymphocytes are | Helper –T cells that produces interleukins
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| 105. Name the natural killer cells | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and macrophages.
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| 106. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and macrophages, these cells are a part of what type of immune response | Innate immune system
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| 107. Platelets are derived from what type of cell | Megakaryocytes
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| 108. Normal number of platelets in the blood is | 150-400,000/microliter
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| 109. Too many platelets = | Thrombosis
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| 110. Too little platelets = | Thrombocytopenia
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| 111. Size of circulating cells from largest to smallest | Monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, platelets
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| 112. From most numerous to least numerous | Erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
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| 113. A mature RBC is shaped like a | Biconcave disc approx 7.5 micro.m
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| 114. mm^3 = microL is the units for describing | Hematocrit->normal % RBC =42-43%
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| 115. How many RBCs would you find in a normal hematorcit value? | 4-6 million
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| 116. Normal hemoglobin for a male? Female? | Male= 14-16 mg/dl Female= 12-14 mg/dl
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| 117. The formation of RBCs in the bone marrow consists of 5 main steps. What are they? | 1 Mesenchyme-embryonic cells 2 hematopoietic stem cells-adult 3 Pronormalblasts-caused by erythropoietin from kidney after 7 days 4 erythroblasts formation 5 erythroblast becomes reticulocyte for ~ 1day after entering BV-reticulocyte = still has nuc
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| 118. What % of your blood volume do you make in one day | 1% of total blood volume
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| 119. What is the primary job of a RBC? | Carry Oxygen
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| 120. How long do RBCs circulate in the blood for | Approx 120 days
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| 121. Do RBCs carry CO2? | NOPE co2 quicky becomes HCO3->mediaded by carbonic anhydrase
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| 122. What type of granulocyte has a segmented nucleus? | Neutrophils
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| 123. Neutrophil cells are the most common granulocyte and make up about what % of the total WBC | 50-70%
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| 124. What is the total WBC in normal circulating blood? | 4-11,000/mL
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| 125. What cells produce antibodies? | Plasma cells (which are activated B cells)
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