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NWCC Histo 1 OTT
Exam 2 Review
Question | Answer |
---|---|
1. Connective tissue is made up of | Cells + Matrix |
2. Matrix consists of | Fibers and Ground Substance |
3. Most common cell in CT is | Fibroblasts found in the matrix |
4. Ground substance is the diffusion medium of CT and is made up of | A sugary substance -> GAGs and PGs (glycosominoglycones and protoglycans) |
5. Ground substance has a very high affinity for | Water |
6. The more sulfated GAGs in the ground substance the more… | Rigid the tissue becomes -> SO4 hangs onto water tightly and water provides the diffusion medium |
7. Ground substance does 3 things, what are they | Bind O2 Provide rigidity Immunological barrier |
8. The most common fiber in CT is | Collagen |
9.Type I is | Most common type collagen fiber in the body found in Skin Dermis Tendon Bone Ligament Fascia Fibrous cartilage Cornea Loose fibrous tissue |
10. Type II is | Hylaline and elastic cartilage Vertebral discs |
11. Type III | Reticular fiber -> (all characteristics of collagen but more branching and thinner) Blood vessels Parenchymal organs Bone marrow Lymphoid tissue Smooth muscle Nerves Lung Fetal skin |
12. Type IV is | Non-fibrous collagen of the basal lamina Basement membranes External lamina |
13. Name is majority cell in cartilage | Chondroblasts -> active Chondrocyte -> inactive |
14.Name majority cell in bone | Osteoblasts -> active in making Osteoclasts -> breakdown bone |
15. Name majority cell in adipose | Adipocytes -> mature Lipoblasts -> not mature/undifferentiated |
16.Dense irregular CT can be found in | Fascia and dermis |
17.Dense regular CT can be found in | Aponeuroses, tendons, and ligaments |
18. Starting below the basement membrane of the epidermis, what 2 layers will you find | After the basement membrane you find: Dermis -> Loose CT and dense CT Subcutaneous layer ------------------------(below you will find) Superficial fascia Muscle Deep fascia |
19. Name 3 parts of the integument and define tissue type | Epidermis-epith'l tissue type • made up of 6 layers, • keratinized, • avascular • exhibits tight junctions Dermis-made up of loose and dense irr. CT Subcutaneous-adipose • shock absorbing • energy storage • insulating(vasculature) |
20a. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 1.Tendons | answer a)dense regular CT |
20b. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 2. Deep Fascia | answer b)dense irregular CT |
20c. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 3.Perimyseum | answer b)dense irregular CT |
20d. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 4. Endomyseum | answer d)neither |
20e. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 5.Ligament | answer a)dense regular CT |
21.Adipose tissue is made up of | Triacylglycerols(TAG)->Neutral fat->Saturated Fat<-Triglyceride |
22. function of the CT is to | 1. Energy Storage 2. Calcium Storage 3. Immunological Barrier |
23. What are the two hormones that activate Ca^2+ storage? | Calcitonin -> decreases blood Calcium by increasing activity of osteoblasts in the presence of Vitamin D Parathyroid -> increases blood calcium levels by increasing activity of osteoCLASTS |
24. What type of tissue comes from Mesenchyme? | All CT All Myocardium Smooth muscle Endothelium Mesothelium Synovial bursas blood |
25. Does mesenchyme have leptochromatic or pacychromatic nucleus? | Leptochromatic nucleus |
26. Is blood a CT? | YES! Blood (hematopoietic stems)= cells + matrix(plasma) Cells: RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets Matrix(plasma): Ground substance(serum)+Fibers(Clotting factor) |
27. Most common CT is | Loose CT-> 50/50 cells to matrix ratio |
28. Does loose CT contain blood vessels? | YES! VERY VASCULAR |
29. The majority cell in loose CT is the | Fibroblasts |
30. Where do fibroblasts come from? (what type of cell) | mesenchyme |
31. Can fibroblasts make a whole collagen molecule? | No. They synthesize the components of all parts of the matrix, but do not make the whole collagen fiber |
32. What is the other cell readily found in loose CT that we talked about in class? | Marcophage |
33. Where do macrophages come from (what type of cell)? | Mesenchyme->start as hematopoietic stem cells->to monocytes->to macrophage |
34. What are some primary functions of macrophages? | 1.phagocytosis 2.recycling of iron from hemoglobin catabolism 3. interferons 4. interleukins 5. clotting factor |
35. Do macrophages originate in loose CT? | No, they are immigrant phagocytic cells in the CT |
36. Once macrophages differentiate in the tissue can they go back into the blood? | NO! But if cells don’t differentiate, then yes they can |
37. How long to macrophages last in the tissue? | Years |
38. How long to macrophages last in the blood? | 4 days or so |
39. What two types of lymphocytes can be found in the loose CT? | B and T lymphocytes |
40. What is a lymphocyte? | A type of white blood cell |
41. What type of nucleus to lymphocytes contain? | pachychromatic |
42. Can you tell the difference between B and T in a light microscope? | No |
43. What is a plasma cell? | Activated B-lymphocyte |
44. What activates the B-lymphocyte? | Macrophages and T-lymphocytes |
45. What organelles are in abundance in a plasma cell? | Lots of rough ER Secretory granules-> • contain antibodies/immunoglobulins (IgG) |
46. Where can you find mast cells? | found in loose CT, in the blood |
47. What do mast cells produce? | Histamine, heparine, and other chemical mediators of INFLAMMATION! |
48. What are mast cells called in the blood? | Basophils (a type of WBC) |
49. Name the two mechanisms of degranulation in mast cells | 1. produce antibodies->presumes pathogen present (requires Ca++ to convert to arachodonic acid->how you release histamine to get inflammatory response) 2. neurogenic inflammation->most common |
50a. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 1. produced in the thyroid gland | answer a) Calcitonin |
50b. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 2. increases blood Ca | answer b) Parathyroid |
50c. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 3. regulate blood Ca levels | answer c) Both Calcitonin and Parathyroid |
50d. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 4. Osteoblasts activated | answer a) Calcitonin |
50e. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 5. Vitamin D dependent | answer b) Parathyroid |
50f. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 6. produced by an endocrine gland | answer c) Both Calcitonin and Parathyroid |
51. Which mechanism is more prominent? | Neurogenic inflammation mechanism |
52. How does neurogenic inflammation work? | Irritator->nociceptor (c-fiber)->substance P-> inflammatory response |
53. What does Substance P release? | Arachadonic acid and heparin (fast response!) |
54. Dense irregular CT is made up of | Collagen fibers and fibroblasts |
55. Does Dense Irregular CT have more vasculature compared to loose CT? | NO! It has less vasculature |
56. Name four examples of dense irregular CT | Fascia epimysium deep/superficial fascia perimysium |
57. Dense irregular tissue has the most cells out of the CT proper group. T/F | F! It has the least amount of cells and almost no vasculature compared to loose and dense irregular CT |
58.What is cross-fiber friction? | How you loosen muscle fibers if too tight |
59. How long does it take to make a collagen fiber? | 72 hrs |
60. Plasma comprises what % of the blood | 55% |
61. Out of the 55% percent blood that is plasma, how much of the plasma is water? | 90% of plasma is water |
62. What is the most common plasma protein? | Albumin |
63. Where is albumin produced? | Liver |
64. What does albumin do? | Maintains colloid osmotic pressure Binds and transports fatty acids from adipose cells Binds are transports unconjugated bilirubin to liver Important free radical scavenger Anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects |
65. What are the three globulin groups in the plasma? | Alpha, beta and gamma |
66. alpha and beta globulins function as | Transport molecules, clotting factors and inactive precursor molecules. Produced by the liver. |
67. What is another name for gamma globulins? | Immunoglobulins which make up the circulating antibodies |
68. What are the two main types of alpha globulins? | Alpha-1 and alpha-2 |
69. alpha-1 fraction includes | Antitrypsin and thyroxin binding globulin |
70. alpha-2 consists of several substances. What substance helps carry heme or hemoglobin to cells where they can be broken down | haptoglobin |
71. .alpha-2 also has a substance that carries what vitamin to the liver | Vitamin D |
72. Two other substances (aside from the substance that carries vitamin D to the liver) alpha-2 contains are | HDL cholesterol->to liver for excretion by gallbladder Angiotensinogen->activated in the kidney to regulate Na+ reuptake |
73. Beta-globulin contain what three substances? | Transferrin->transports iron to bone marrow and liver Plasminogen->dissolution of clots LDL cholesterol |
74. Gamma-globulins circulate what? | Antibodies (IgG’s made by the activated plasma cells) |
75. ELECTROLYTES: Ca++’s primary function is | Muscle contraction, action potential transmission, ion channel regulation, bone and teeth structure, activating of oocytes, blood clotting… |
76. ELECTROLYTES: Na+ functions include | Maintenance of blood volume, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity. Balance is maintained in the kidney |
77. ELECTROLYTES: K+ | Creation of resting potential, sodium-potassium pump, muscle contraction, heart contraction. Hypokalemia is disease of decreased amounts of K+ |
78. ELECTROLYTES: What disease is characterized be decreased amounts of K+? | Hypokalemia |
79. ELECTROLYTES: Mg++ | Nucleic acid synthesis, cofactor for many enzymes, ATP synthesis and usage, DNA and RNA synthesis |
80. ELECTROLYTES: Cl- | Chloride-bicarbonate exchanger participates importantly in the ability of plasma to increase its capacity for CO2. Also most important inhibitory nerutransmitters in the CNS (GABA and glycine) rely on Cl- |
81. ELECTROLYTES: inhibitory nerutransmitters in the CNS (GABA and glycine) rely on what electrolyte? | Cl- |
82. ELECTROLYTES: HCO3- | Represents amount of solube CO2 in the blood. Produced by carbonic anydrases in the RBC->buffer |
83. Normal fasting plasma levels of glucose should be | 100mg/dl |
84. Erythrocytes are | RBCs |
85. In adults Erythrocytes are derived from red bone marrow in what structures? | Vertebrae, pelvis, ribs, and sternum |
86. Name the three types of anemia | Blood loss anemia Hemolytic anemia->genetic, sickle cell Deficiency Anemia->folic acid and B12 deficiency |
87. Leukocytes (WBC’s) make up what % of the blood | 1-2% |
88. When you think of neutrophils you should be thinking of what? | Bacterial infection debris |
89. When you think of allergic response and parasitical infections you think of what type of cell? | Eosinophils |
90. When you think of the sister to a Mast Cell you think of what? | Basophil |
91. The substance in the granules include: | Histamine, heparin, slowing reacting substance of anaphylaxis, eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis |
92. Basophils are mediated by | Interleukin-3 |
93. What two cells degranulate when the IgE antibodies bound to their surface are bridged with an antigen? | Basophils and Mast cells |
94. Monocytes and lymphocytes are considered what type of cell? | Agranulocytes |
95. Monocytes are the precursor cells to what | Macrophages |
96. Where doesmonocyte activity primarily takes place? | In the tissues |
97. differentiated monocytes into macrophages are activated by what | Interferon-gamma->marcrophages then phagocytose antigens and present them to B-lymphocytes |
98. Lymphocytes are a part of the | Adaptive immune system |
99. What are the two types of lymphocytes? | B and T |
100. T cells mature in what gland | Thymus |
101. Where do B and T lymphocytes reside? | Lymph nodes and spleen |
102. MALT and GALT are | Places where lymphocytes are housed in the mucosa of the oropharynx (MALT) and the gut (GALT) |
103. Lymphocytes are a part of what type of immune response | Adaptive immune system |
104. Basic function of T lymphocytes are | Helper –T cells that produces interleukins |
105. Name the natural killer cells | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and macrophages. |
106. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and macrophages, these cells are a part of what type of immune response | Innate immune system |
107. Platelets are derived from what type of cell | Megakaryocytes |
108. Normal number of platelets in the blood is | 150-400,000/microliter |
109. Too many platelets = | Thrombosis |
110. Too little platelets = | Thrombocytopenia |
111. Size of circulating cells from largest to smallest | Monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, platelets |
112. From most numerous to least numerous | Erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils |
113. A mature RBC is shaped like a | Biconcave disc approx 7.5 micro.m |
114. mm^3 = microL is the units for describing | Hematocrit->normal % RBC =42-43% |
115. How many RBCs would you find in a normal hematorcit value? | 4-6 million |
116. Normal hemoglobin for a male? Female? | Male= 14-16 mg/dl Female= 12-14 mg/dl |
117. The formation of RBCs in the bone marrow consists of 5 main steps. What are they? | 1 Mesenchyme-embryonic cells 2 hematopoietic stem cells-adult 3 Pronormalblasts-caused by erythropoietin from kidney after 7 days 4 erythroblasts formation 5 erythroblast becomes reticulocyte for ~ 1day after entering BV-reticulocyte = still has nuc |
118. What % of your blood volume do you make in one day | 1% of total blood volume |
119. What is the primary job of a RBC? | Carry Oxygen |
120. How long do RBCs circulate in the blood for | Approx 120 days |
121. Do RBCs carry CO2? | NOPE co2 quicky becomes HCO3->mediaded by carbonic anhydrase |
122. What type of granulocyte has a segmented nucleus? | Neutrophils |
123. Neutrophil cells are the most common granulocyte and make up about what % of the total WBC | 50-70% |
124. What is the total WBC in normal circulating blood? | 4-11,000/mL |
125. What cells produce antibodies? | Plasma cells (which are activated B cells) |