Animal Science Vocabulary
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrition | the study of the food needs of the body.
🗑
|
||||
| Vitamins | help release energy from carbohydrates, protein and fat.
🗑
|
||||
| Minerals | members of this nutrient class are essential for life-sustaining metabolic processes.
🗑
|
||||
| Fat |
🗑
|
||||
| Nutrient | any food component the body requires to support life; includes water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins.
🗑
|
||||
| Malnutrition | abnormal nutrition; caused by a diet that contains too much or too little of one or more essential nutrients.
🗑
|
||||
| Mouth | tongue for swallowing food for tearing and grinding.
🗑
|
||||
| Esophagus | transports food from mouth to stomach.
🗑
|
||||
| Stomach | provides food storage, moves food to small intestine.
🗑
|
||||
| Small Intestine | absorbs nutrients, mixes ingested food with bile.
🗑
|
||||
| Large Intestine | absorbs water and electrolytes, recycling them for use in the body.
🗑
|
||||
| Rectum | external opening at the end of the digestive tract, sphincter muscles control defecation.
🗑
|
||||
| Salivary Glands | secrete saliva moistens and lubricates food.
🗑
|
||||
| Liver | produces bile to help digest fat, stores glucose to glycogen.
🗑
|
||||
| Pancreas | releases sodium bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize the acidity of stomach contents entering the small intestine. Also produces insulin and glucagon to help control glucose metabolism.
🗑
|
||||
| Diet | the daily supply of food and water.
🗑
|
||||
| Ingredient | an edible material that provides nutrients and energy.
🗑
|
||||
| Energy | ability to do work; all body activities require energy and all needs are met by consuming food, which contains energy in chemical form; energy content of food is expressed as kilocalories (kcal)
🗑
|
||||
| Metabolism | all of the complex, interrelated chemical and physical processes that make life possible.
🗑
|
||||
| Digestibility | proportion of nutrients in food available for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
🗑
|
||||
| Bioavailability | amount of a nutrient absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in a form the body can use.
🗑
|
||||
| As- Fed Basis | concentration of nutrients in food in the form consumed by the animal; includes moisture content of the food.
🗑
|
||||
| Dry Matter Basis | method of expressing a food's nutrient content on a moisture-free basis.
🗑
|
||||
| Energy Basis | concentration of a nutrient in food expressed per unit of energy.
🗑
|
||||
| Metabolizable Energy | amount of energy in a food available for the body's use.
🗑
|
||||
| Kilocalorie | 1,000 Calories.
🗑
|
||||
| Water | the most critical nutrient required by dogs and cats for survival.
🗑
|
||||
| Solvent | liquid in which another substance is dissolved to form a solution.
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrolysis | process by which complex materials are broken down into simpler ones by adding water.
🗑
|
||||
| Maintenance | the amount and quality of the diet required to maintain an adult animal without providing additional nutrients for production, reproduction or weight gain.
🗑
|
||||
| Metabolic Water | water in the body that is produced during metabolism of nutrients.
🗑
|
||||
| Calorie | amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5° Celsius (C) to 15.5° C.
🗑
|
||||
| Nutrient-to-energy ratio | ratio of a food's nutrient content to its energy content.
🗑
|
||||
| Body Condition Score | determination of an animal's relative proportion of muscle to fat using visual assessment and palpation.
🗑
|
||||
| Lean Body Mass | fat-free mass of the body.
🗑
|
||||
| Energy Density | number of calories provided by a given weight or volume of pet food.
🗑
|
||||
| Carbohydrates | provide cats and dogs with a readily available source of energy, plus fiber for GI.
🗑
|
||||
| Simple Carbohydrates | include simple sugars such as glucose, fructose, sucrose and lactose, easily digested and used for energy.
🗑
|
||||
| Polysaccharides | complex carbohydrates that yield simple sugars when digested.
🗑
|
||||
| Complex Carbohydrates | long chains of simple sugars, can be divided into non-fiber complex carbohydrates and fiber.
🗑
|
||||
| Glycogen | main storage form of carbohydrates in animals, primarily in the liver and muscle tissue.
🗑
|
||||
| Monosaccharides | simple sugars; carbohydrates that cannot be broken down into simpler compounds by the addition of water; e.g., glucose, fructose and galactose.
🗑
|
||||
| Disaccharides | sugars composed of two simple saccharide units; e.g., sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose.
🗑
|
||||
| Non-Fiber Complex Carbohydrates | often starches, commonly found in plants. Examples are corn and rice.
🗑
|
||||
| Fiber | complex carbohydrates that resist digestion in the small intestine.
🗑
|
||||
| Soluble Fiber | the component of dietary fiber that diffuses in water to form a viscous solution or gel in the GI tract.
🗑
|
||||
| Short- Chain Fatty Acids | fatty acids containing two to six carbon atoms that are produced by microbial metabolism in the large intestine.
🗑
|
||||
| Inulin | starch found in the roots of certain plants that yields fructose when metabolized.
🗑
|
||||
| Pectin | Soluble fiber obtained from ripe fruit; used in pet foods as a source of fiber.
🗑
|
||||
| Insoluble Fiber | can't be digested by dogs or cats and doesn't dissolve in water and passes intact through the GI tract.
🗑
|
||||
| Guar Gum | source of soluble fiber from seeds of the guar plant; used as a thickener and stabilizer in foods and pharmaceuticals.
🗑
|
||||
| Cellulose | long-chain polysaccharide that is a component of dietary fiber; forms the skeleton of most plant structures and plant cells.
🗑
|
||||
| Adsorbs | attracts and retains material (such as water) on its surface.
🗑
|
||||
| Satiety | condition of feeling full to the point of satisfaction and unable to ingest more food.
🗑
|
||||
| Digestion | act or process of converting food into chemical compounds that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by body tissues.
🗑
|
||||
| Enzymes | any protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body by acting as a catalyst.
🗑
|
||||
| Nonessential Amino Acids | amino acids synthesized in the body in sufficient amounts so that they do not need to be obtained from food.
🗑
|
||||
| Glycoproteins | proteins joined to carbohydrates; function as cell membrane-bound enzymes and receptors.
🗑
|
||||
| Glycolipids | lipids that contain carbohydrate groups such as galactose and glucose.
🗑
|
||||
| Lactase | enzyme in the intestinal mucosa that splits lactose into glucose and galactose.
🗑
|
||||
| Essential Dietary Nutrients | nutrients that the body cannot synthesize at a sufficient rate to meet body needs and must be supplied by the diet.
🗑
|
||||
| Metabolically Essential | required by the body for normal function.
🗑
|
||||
| Gluconeogenesis | production of glucose from amino acids and glycerol; occurs in the liver.
🗑
|
||||
| Amino Acids | the basic building blocks of protein.
🗑
|
||||
| Glycerol | main component of triglycerides.
🗑
|
||||
| AAFCO | Association of American Feed Control Officials; an association of state and federal officials that defines food and feed ingredients used in commercial animal feeds and pet foods.
🗑
|
||||
| Crude Fiber | aboratory estimate of the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content of a food ingredient or feed.
🗑
|
||||
| Dipeptides | compounds consisting of two amino acids connected by a peptide bond.
🗑
|
||||
| Tripeptides | compounds containing three amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
🗑
|
||||
| Enterocytes | primary cells of the small intestinal mucosa responsible for final digestion and absorption of nutrients, electrolytes and water.
🗑
|
||||
| Urea | one of the final products of protein metabolism.
🗑
|
||||
| Antibodies | proteins produced by transformed B lymphocytes (plasma cells) in response to the presence of an antigen.
🗑
|
||||
| Catalyze | to modify, especially to increase, the rate of a chemical reaction.
🗑
|
||||
| Pathogens | disease-causing agents such as bacteria, viruses or fungi.
🗑
|
||||
| Catabolism | any destructive process by which cells convert complex substances.
🗑
|
||||
| Anabolism | the constructive phase of metabolism during which the body creates tissues from basic building blocks.
🗑
|
||||
| Moiety | an equal part; a half; any part or portion of a molecule.
🗑
|
||||
| Encephalopathy | any degenerative disease of the brain.
🗑
|
||||
| Lipids | compounds, including fats, oils, waxes, sterols and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water; important structural components of cell membranes.
🗑
|
||||
| Fatty Acids | Organic compounds consisting of a carbon and hydrogen chain with a carboxyl group (–COOH) on one end and a methyl group (–CH3) on the other end; naturally occurring component of all fats.
🗑
|
||||
| Triglycerides | compounds consisting of three fatty acids bound to glycerol.
🗑
|
||||
| Cholesterol | complex organic molecule (steroid alcohol) found in animal fats and oils, bile, blood, brain tissue, milk, egg yolk, myelin sheaths of nerve fibers, liver, kidneys and adrenal glands.
🗑
|
||||
| Fat-soluble vitamins | vitamins that are soluble in and absorbed from the intestine in fat; includes vitamins A, D, E and K.
🗑
|
||||
| Lymphatic System | series of vessels or ducts that carries excess tissue fluid (lymph) to blood vessels near the heart, where the fluid is put back into the bloodstream.
🗑
|
||||
| Myelin Sheath | Schwann cells wrapped around an axon of a nerve cell that serve as insulation.
🗑
|
||||
| Prostaglandins | hormone-like substances, derived from fatty acids via the cyclooxygenase pathways, that mediate many different physiologic functions, including inflammation, metabolism and smooth muscle activity.
🗑
|
||||
| Leukotrienes | substances formed from arachidonic acid that participate in inflammation.
🗑
|
||||
| Bile Acids | molecules secreted by the liver into the small intestine where they combine with fats and fatty acids to make the fats more water-soluble and activate fat-digesting enzymes (lipases).
🗑
|
||||
| Enterocytes | primary cells of the small intestinal mucosa responsible for final digestion and absorption of nutrients, electrolytes and water.
🗑
|
||||
| Colonocytes | epithelial cells lining the large intestine (colon).
🗑
|
||||
| Phospholipids | triglycerides in which phosphorus replaces one fatty acid; major lipids in cell membranes.
🗑
|
||||
| Palatability | the degree readiness of food.
🗑
|
||||
| Essential Fatty Acids | fatty acids that cannot be made by the body and must be supplied by the diet.
🗑
|
||||
| Adipose | fat.
🗑
|
||||
| Pruritic | extremely itchy.
🗑
|
||||
| Epidermal | referring to the outermost layer of skin.
🗑
|
||||
| Pyoderma | any pus-producing skin condition.
🗑
|
||||
| Inorganic | referring to compounds that do not contain hydrogen and carbon
🗑
|
||||
| Enzyme | any protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body by acting as a catalyst.
🗑
|
||||
| Incombustible | incapable of being burned.
🗑
|
||||
| Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease | a group of diseases that involves irritation of the lower urinary tract
🗑
|
||||
| Potassium | transmits nerve impulses, found in fluid in body cells.
🗑
|
||||
| Acid-base balance | a state of equilibrium between the acidity and alkalinity of fluids
🗑
|
||||
| Electrolytes | chemical substances capable of conducting electric current when dissolved in water or melted (e.g., sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate).
🗑
|
||||
| Osmotic | relating to diffusion of fluid through a semipermeable membrane until an equal concentration of fluid is reached on both sides of the membrane.
🗑
|
||||
| Cofactor | an element, such as a coenzyme, that partners with another element to carry out a chemical reaction.
🗑
|
||||
| Water-soluble vitamins | vitamins that are soluble in water; includes B-complex vitamins and vitamin C; they are excreted in urine and not stored in the body in appreciable amounts.
🗑
|
||||
| Thermoregulation | physiological process controlling the balance between heat production and heat loss in the body to maintain body temperature
🗑
|
||||
| Basal Metabolic rate | rate of energy consumed by the body when it is completely at rest.
🗑
|
||||
| Iodine | iodine deficiency is uncommon in dogs and cats.
🗑
|
||||
| Organic | generally refers to substances produced by metabolism of a living organism, especially carbon-containing compounds
🗑
|
||||
| Coenzymes | organic molecules, often derived from vitamins (e.g., riboflavin [B2], niacin [B3], pantothenic acid [B5], pyridoxine [B6]) that are required by an enzyme to carry out a metabolic reaction
🗑
|
||||
| Transduction | conversion of a stimulus, whether mechanical, chemical or thermal, into an electrical impulse
🗑
|
||||
| Free Radical | naturally occurring molecule in the body as a result of metabolic processes
🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin A | important function in vision, normal bone growth, tooth development, reproduction
🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin D | considered a vitamin and hormone and helps absorb calcium.
🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin E | protects polyunsaturated fatty acids.
🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin K | cats and dogs need this and has a role in enabling synthesis of blood clotting proteins.
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
amandaruppert
Popular Science sets