identification, deficiencies, doses correlating with toxicity
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| Vitamin A | retinol, B-carotenes
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| Energy Releasing | Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Biotin, Pantothenic Acid
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| Functions of thiamine | formation or degradation of a-ketols by transketolase, oxidative decarboxylation of a-ketoacids: a-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA, pyruvate to acetyl CoA
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| B2 | Riboflavin
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| B3 | Niacin
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| B6 | Pyridoxine
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| Hematopoietic | Folic acid, Vitamin B12
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| Non B-Complex | Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
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| RDA of Vitamin D | 5 mg of cholecalciferol or 200 IU
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| K1, present in __ | phylloquinone, plants
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| Vitamin E | tocopherols
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| Fat soluble vitamin that serves as a coenzyme | Vitamin K
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| Consumption of Vitamins _ and _ in excess of RDA can lead to toxicity | A and D
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| Function of folic acid | receives 1 carbon fragments from donors and transfers them to intermediates in teh synthesis of amino acids, purines, and TMP
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| microcytic anemia (<80) | deficiency in: iron, copper, pyridoxine
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| normocytic anemia (80-100) | protein-calorie malnutrition
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| macrocyctic anemic (>100) | deficiency in Vitamin B12, folate
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| Megaloblastic anemia is caused by a | folate free diet
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| dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor | methotrexate
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| B12 | Cobalamin
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| Cobalamin functions | remethylation of homocysteine to methionine, isomerization of methylmalonyl CoA (rearrangement of carbons)
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| Cobalamin deficiency | abnormal fatty acids accumulate in cell membranes, including CNS
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| Form of cobalamin in homocysteine methylation | Methylcobalamin
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| Form of cobalamin in methylmalonyl CoA isomerization | Deoxyadenosyl-cobalamin
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| Corrin ring system seen in | cyanocobalamin
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| cobalamin is synthesized by | microorganisms, natural bacterial flora
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| Failure to absorb B12 from the intestine results in __ | pernicious anemia, commonly resulting from the autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells responsible for the synthesis of intrinsic factor
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| Function of Vitamin C | reducing agent in several different reactions, coenzyme in hydroxylation reactions, maintenance of normal connective tissue and wound healing, facilitates absorption of dietary iron from the intestine
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| Pyridoxine occurs primarily in __ | plants
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| Pyridoxal and pyridoxamine found in foods from ___ | animals
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| Pyridoxine is a precursor for coenzyme ___ | pyridoxal phosphate
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| Drug that induces Vitamin B6 deficiency | Isoniazid
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| Toxic dose of B6 | Greater than 2g/day
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| B6 reactions | transamination (OAA->Asp), deamination (Ser-> pyr + NH3), decarboxylation (histidine -> histamine + CO2), condensation
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| Biologically active form of B1 | thiamine pyrophosphate
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| Thiamine deficiency causes | decreased production of ATP and impaired cellular function
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| Thiamine deficiency diseases | Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff
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| Beriberi | infants: tachycardia, vomiting, convulsions, death; adults: dry skin, irritability, disorderly thinking progressive paralysis
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| Wernicke-Korsakoff | dietary insufficiency of thiamine/impaired intestinal absorption of B1; apathy, memory loss, nystagmus (eyeball motion)
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| Function of niacin | REDOX reactions
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| Niacin's biologically active coenzyme forms | NAD+, NADP
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| NADPH function | electron donor for reductive biosynthesis
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| NADH function | generation of ATP
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| Niacin defiency causes | pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
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| Niacin is used in the treatment of __. Doses of ___ or 100 times the RDA ____ | hyperlipidemia (inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue); 1.5g/day
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| Functions of Riboflavin | reversibly accepts 2 H atoms, bound tightly to flavoenzymes that catalyze the oxidation or reduction of a substrate
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| Riboflavin deficiency symptoms | dermatitis, cheilosis (fissuring at the corners of mouth), glossitis
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| Riboflavin is a ___ | prosthetic group
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| Functions of biotin | coenzyme in carboxylation reactions, carrier of activated CO2
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| Source of biotin | intestinal bacteria
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| Pantothenic Acid is a component of ___ | CoA
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| contains a thiol group that carries acyl compounds as activated thiol esters | pantothenic acid
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| component of fatty acid synthase | pantothenic acid
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| Vitamin A deficiency | decreased growth rate and bone development in children
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| Vitamin A in reproduction | retinol and retinal support spermatogenesis in the male and prevent fetal resorption in the female
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| Retinoic acid promotes __ | growth and differentiation of epithelial cells
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| Vitamin A requirement | 1000 RAE for males, 800 RAE for females
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| 1 RAE = _mg of retinol, _ mg of B-carotene, _ mg of other carotenoids | retinol activity equivalent; 1, 12, 24
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| Vitamin A toxicity | Greater than 7.5 mg/day of retinol
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| Vitamin A and Vitamin D cellular action | binds to intraceullular receptor proteins and interacts with DNA in the nucleus of target cells
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| Functions of Vitamin D | selectively stimulates gene expression or specifically repress gene transcription, regulates plasma levels of calcium and phosphorous
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| D2 | ergocalciferol; plants
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| D3 | cholecalciferol; animals
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| Vitamin D: ___ uptake of Ca by the __ and minimizes loss of Ca by the ___ | intestine; kidney
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| sources of pantothenic acid | eggs, liver, and yeast
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| Vitamin D deficiency causes | rickets
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| Nutritional Rickets | demineralization of bone
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| Renal Rickets caused by | inability to form active form of Vitamin D
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| hypoparathyroidism caused by __; results in ___ and __; treated with ___ and ____ hormone | Vitamin D deficiency; hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia; Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone
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| Toxicity of Vitamin D; causes | 100,000 IU for weeks or months; can cause loss of appetite, nausea, thirst, and stupor; hypercalcemia
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| Role of Vitamin K | posttranslational modification of various blood clotting factors
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| Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of glutamic acid forms __; required in ___ | carboxygluatamate; hepatic synthesis of the inactive precursor molecules prothrombin and blood clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X
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| Dicumarol | anticoagulant naturally occuring in warfarin that inhibits formation of Gla
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| AI for Vitamin K | 70 to 140 mg/day
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| Vitamin K synthesis | intestinal bacterial flora
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| Hypoprothrombinemia | caused by 2nd generation cephalosporins; requires supplementation with Vitamin K
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| Prolonged administration of large doses of Vitamin K can produce ___ and ___ in infants | hemolytic anemia; jaundice
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| Active form of Vitamin E | a-tocopherol
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| Role of Vitamin E | antioxidant in prevention of the nonezymic oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by O2 and free radicals
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| RDA of Vitamin E | 10 mg for men; 8 mg for women
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| Vitamin E Deficiency restricted to ____; associated with _____ in _____ | premature infants; defective lipid absorption or transport in adults
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| sources of preformed vitamin A | liver, kidney, cream, butter, egg yolk
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| 7-dehydrocholesterol -> cholecalciferol -> 25-hydroxycholecalciferol -> 1,25 - hydroxycholecalciferol | UV light, liver 25-hydroxylase, kidney 1-hydroxylase
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| carboxylation | biotin, Vitamin K
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| sources of cobalamin | dairy, eggs, pork, chicken
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| top sources of Vitamin C | papaya, red bell peppers, broccoli, brussel sprouts, strawberries
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| sources of niacin | milk, lean meats, especially liver
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| sources of carotenes | yellow/dark green fruits and vegetables
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| Vitamin A deficiency symptoms | night blindness, xerophthalmia, pathologic dryness of conjunctiva and cornea
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| K2, present in intestinal flora | menaquinones
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| sources of Vitamin K | green leafy vegetables, bright colored vegetables
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| sources of Vitamin E | vegetable oils, liver, and eggs
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| All of the following are essential fatty acids except? | palmitate acid
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