Lecture Unit 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| The Nervous System | Body's primary communication & control system. Other control system is the Endocrine system.
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| Structural Organization of the Central Nervous System (CNS) | Brain, Spinal cord
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| Structural Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | (All Nerves) Cranial nerves-12 pairs, Spinal nerves-31 pairs, Ganglia (mass of cell bodies).
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| Functional Organization | Sensory (Afferent) Division and Motor (Efferent) Division. SAME DAVE.
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| Sensory (Afferent) Division | Transmit information FROM RECEPTORS TO CNS. Divided into somatic and visceral sensory.
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| Motor (Efferent) Division | Transmit information FROM CNS TO MUSCLE OR GLAND. Divided into somatic and autonomic motor.
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| Somatic Sensory | Receives sensory information form skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses.
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| Visceral Sensory | Receives sensory information from viscera.
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| Somatic Motor | VOLUNTARY. Nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle
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| Autonomic motor | INVOLUNTARY. Nervous system: innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands. Further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic.
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| Cytology of Nervous Tissue | Neurons: Excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses. Glial cells: Non-excitable cells that support and protect the neurons. Nerve glue.
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| Neuron Characteristics | High metabolic rate-need constant glucose and oxygen. Longevity-live and function for over 100 years. Only cells like this. Nonmitotic-during fetal development lose ability to divide.
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| Primary tumor of the CNS | May form in the meninges (meningiomas) or glial cells (gliomas). Neurons incapable of becoming tumors-can't divide. These tumors originate w/i the brain. Brain tissue is the source.
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| Secondary tumor of the CNS | Forms in another site but spreads to the brain (lung, skin, or breast cancers).
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| Neuron anatomy | Dendrites, Cell body, nucleus, Axon hillock, Axon, Neurofibril node (Node of Ranvier), Myelin sheath, Synaptic knobs. Be able to label picture! Know pathway!
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| Dendrites | Carry impulses towards the cell body. Soma can have only one or many dendrites. Receive input and transfer to cell body for processing.
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| Cell Body | AKA: Soma. Neuron control center. Contains nucleus and organelles. Comprise "gray matter." Form clusters in PNS called ganglia. Form clusters in CNS called nuclei.
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| Axons | Most neurons have 1 axon (anaxonic neurons have none). AKA nerve fiber. Carry impulses away from cell body to another cell. Transmits its output info to other cells. Ends branch into synaptic knobs.
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| Structural Neuron Classification | How many structures come off cell body.
Unipolar-sensory afferent neurons
Bipolar-special senses, uncommon in humans.
Multipolar-motor efferent neurons. Most common type.
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| Functional Neuron Classification | Sensory (afferent)-from sensory receptors to CNS. Dorsal side.
Interneurons-lie between motor and sensory neurons; entirely confined to CNS.
Motor (efferent)-From CNS to muscles or glands. Ventral side of spinal cord. Be able to label picture!
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| Glial Cells of the CNS (4) | Astrocyte, Ependymal cell, Microglial cell, Oligodendrocyte
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| Astrocyte | CNS. Star cell. Control ionic environment. Helps form blood-brain barrier. Babysits neuron. Intermediate between blood and neuron.
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| Ependymal cell | Lining ventricles of CNS. Help produce and circulate cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). CSF is clean, filtered plasma.
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| Microglial cell | Macrophages of CNS. Immune cell.
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| Oligodendrocyte | Forms myelin sheaths in CNS on more than one neuron. One cell myelinates multiple axons. Extensions create myelin sheath.
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| Glial Cells of the PNS (2) | Satellite cell, Neurolemmocyte.
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| Satellite cell | Dorsal root ganglia of PNS. Protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia. Protects and provides nutrients for soma.
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| Neurolemmocyte | AKA Schwann cell. Myelinates PNS axons. Is Myelin sheath of PNS. No extensions. Cell wraps around axons and becomes myelin sheath. Myelinates 1 section of 1 axon.
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| Myelin Sheath | Made by oligodendrocytes in the CNS & neurolemmocytes (schwann cells) in the PNS. Protective, white, fatty coating. Supports, protects, & insulates axon. Increases speed of conduction-nerve impulses jump from node to node. Neurofibril nodes (of Ranvier)
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| Nerves | Neurons traveling together. A cable-like bundle of parallel axons.
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| Three connective tissue wrappings of nerves | Endoneurium-surrounds individual axon. Perineurium-surrounds individual fascicles. Epineurium-surrounds whole nerve.
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| Synapses | Site at which neurons communicate with other neurons, glands, or muscles.
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| Parts of Synapses | Preynaptic neuron (Neuron before synapse). Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters. Synaptic cleft (space in between). Postsynaptic neuron (Whatever connected to on other side). Label!!
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| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | ALS or Lou Gehrig Disease. Fatal degeneration of the somatic motor system. Atrophied muscles cause breathing, speaking, & swallowing difficulties. No effective treatment or cure. Doesn't affect mind. Trapped. Cause of death: diaphragm goes-can't breathe.
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| Multiple Sclerosis | Autoimmune disease. Patches of myelin in brain and spinal cord destroyed. Affects 1/1000 people. Symptoms: blindness, weakness, clumsiness. nervous system full of scars. Symptoms wax and wane. Vary from person to person-how many neurons involved.
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| Anencephaly | Disorder at the cranial end of the neural tube. Substantial or complete absence of a brain-only brain stem forms. Infants rarely live longer than a few hours following birth. Usually detected w/ prenatal ultrasound. Most miscarry.
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| Spina Bifida | Disorder at the caudal end of the neural tube. Vertebral arch is not fully formed. Mild: spina bifida occulta. Severe: spina bifida cystica. Increased intake of Vit B12 & folic acid of pregnant women decreases incidence.
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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