BIO345- Lecture 4
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| How is it possible to have things with genetically identical hemoglobin appear differently? | Differences at other genes may affect expression & environmental influence
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| How is it possible to have things with genetically identical hemoglobin appear the same? | Dominance, environmental influence
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| Vp | Phenotypic variance
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| Vg | Genetic variance
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| Ve | Environmental variance
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| What's the equation for phenotypic variance? | Vp = Vg + Ve
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| What is sickle cell anemia? | An inherited disease of red blood cells (predominantly found in people o
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| How does sickle cell work at the genetic level? | The sickle cell allele is a point mutation that changes a single amino acid in hemoglobin B
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| What are the three types of genetic & phenotypic hemoglobin? | SS = normal hemoglobin, Ss = both normal & sickled hemoglobin, ss = sickled hemoglobin only
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| How can S seem dominant in an Ss hemoglobin individual if these people have both normal & sickled hemoglobin? | People with Ss genotypes have enough functional red blood cells that they may not suffer the severe effects of the sickle cell
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| Why's hemoglobin important? | Hemoglobin holds 4 oxygen molecules to take to different parts of the body
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| How does sickle cell work on a cellular level? | An amino acid changes causes the chemical to form long strings when it lets loose its oxygen, causing the red cell to become deformed into a sickle shape
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| Describe the shape, hardness, flow, and lifetime of normal hemoglobin | disc-shaped, soft (like a bag of jelly), easily flows through small blood vessels, & lives for 120 days
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| Describe the shape, hardness, flow, and lifetime of sickle hemoglobin | sickle-shaped, hard (like a piece of wood), often gets stuck in small blood vessels, & lives for 20 days or less
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| Pleiotropy | One gene has many phenotypic effects
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| What are the phenotypic effects of someone sickle cell anemia (ss)? | Enlarged spleen, anemia or shortage of red blood cells, pain episodes, stroke or brain damage, kidney failure, pneumonia, increased infections
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| How are people who are SS, Ss, & ss with sickle cell malaria different in terms of malaria? | ss = malaria resistant but die before adulthood, SS = susceptible to malaria, Ss = malaria resistance b
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| Population | Group of sexually interbreeding or potentially interbreeding organisms (= deme(?))
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| Gene | physical stretch of DNA encoding some product (= locus(?))
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| Allele | Different forms of gene products at the same locus
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| Which allele is dominant for flower color in snapdragons? | Neither because they're codominant
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| Snapdragon: red (RR) + white (rr) | all pink (Rr)
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| Snapdragon: What happens when you cross-pollinate two pink flowers (Rr)? | ¼ white (rr), ½ pink (Rr), ¼ red (RR)
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| Why do you get a ratio of 1:2:1 after crossing two Rr's? | Mendel's law of segregation
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| Punnet square | A probability matrix that takes the gametes from 2 parents and combines them randomly
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| “Randomly” | It means that each allele will be found in 50% of all gametes
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| How do you do the math for finding the probability of getting a heterozygote using a punnet square cross of two Rr's? | 0.5 (R) x 0.5 (r) x 2 = 0.5, 50%
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| How do you determine the proportions of the colors of flowers of the next generation? | Determine the frequency of each genotype & allele
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| How do you calculate allele frequency of R in Rr? | p(R) = [(2*#RR)+(#Rr)]
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| How do we know if genotypic frequencies have achieved equilibrium? | They're the same as in the parents
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| Hardy-Weinberg Principle | If there are no disturbances in the system, allele & genotype frequencies will remain constant through time
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| What's an important conclusion of Hardy & Weinberg? | Mendel's laws can result in stability of allele frequencies over time at the population level
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| What are possible disturbances of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? | finite population size (causing sampling error), mutation, selection, migration, & nonrandom mating (assortive mating
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| What's a second important conclusion of Hardy & Weinberg? | Segregation & random union of gametes means that probability of different genotypes (x, y, z) is determined by allele frequences (p, q)
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| At equilibrium, what do we expect to find in terms of genotypic frequencies? | p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
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| How can we tell if a population is in equilibrium? | Observed & expected values are the same
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| How can we statistically test to see if a population's in equilibrium? | The chi-square goodness of fit test: x^2 = sum[(#observed-#expected)^2
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| What does a chi square work and not work on? | Works on count but not on frequencies
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| Degrees of freedom (df) | #classes - #independent values obtained from data (for example: df = 3 (RR, Rr, rr) – 2 (sample size, p) = 1)
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| How do we define an event as significant? | We look at the probability the event will occur by chance (alpha = 0.05)
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