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Biochem: Acids and Bases

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Question
Answer
What is an autosomal dominant disorder and give two examples?   heterozygous state – one normal and one diseased allele. Ex. Osteogenesis imperfect and marfan syndrome  
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What is an autosomal recessive disorder and give two examples?   both alleles are mutant. Ex. Sickle cell, cystic fibrosis and Tay Sach’s  
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What is an x-linked disease and give examples?   in males where the x chromosome carries the mutant allele. Hemophilia, Lesch-Nyhan, Duchenne muscular dystrophy.  
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What is the distribution of total body water in the ECF and ICF?   ECF=33%, ICF=66%  
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What is the body compartment with 75% of ECF water?   Interstitial fluid  
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What constituents are found in blood?   Plasma, cells  
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What are the major ECF electrolytes?   Na and Cl  
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What are the major ICF electrolytes?   K and HPO4  
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Define osmolality.   osmolality of a fluid is proportional to the total [] of all dissolved molecules  
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What is the clinical significance of osmolality during hyperglycemia?   water moves out of the ICF of neurons and into the ECF causing unconsciousness.  
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Patient X has liver or renal disease, severe burns and Kwashiorikor. What can this patient have?   edema  
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When does a buffer exhibit maximum buffering capacity?   when the pH (of a solution)=pKa (of buffer)  
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When the pH of a solution is lower than the pKa of a buffer what will be favoured, the weak acid or conj base?   weak acid  
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What is the ratio of [acid]:[base] 1 unit below the pKa of a buffer?   10:1  
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What are the 3 steps involved in CO2 transport to the lungs?   1. Metabolic process produce CO2 with enters RBC 2.carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 into H2CO3 3. H2CO3 donates a proton to Hb causing release of O2  
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What three process does the kidney do to maintain acid-base balance?   reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate, formation of new bicarbonate and secretion of H+ by phosphate pathway and ammonia pathway.  
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What are the normal levels of PCO2 and HCO3?   PCO2=38-42 & HCO3=22-25  
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What can cause respiratory acidosis?   Lung disease, airway obstruction, chest wall muscle disease, opiods and anaesthetics.  
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What happens to pH, PCO2 and HCO3 respectively during respiratory acidosis?   decr, incr, normal  
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Patient X is trying to compensate for respiratory acidosis, what are the blood gas measurements for pH, PCO2, and HCO3 respectively?   Decr, incr, incr  
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What happens to pH, PCO2 and HCO3 respectively during respiratory alkalosis?   incr, decr, normal  
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Patient X is trying to compensate for respiratory alkalosis, what are the blood gas measurements for pH, PCO2, and HCO3 respectively?   incr, decr, decr  
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What happens to pH, PCO2 and HCO3 respectively during metabolic acidosis?   decr, decr, decr  
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Patient X is trying to compensate metabolic acidosis, what are the blood gas measurements for pH, PCO2, and HCO3 respectively?   decr, decr, decr  
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What happens to pH, PCO2 and HCO3 respectively during metabolic alkalosis?   incr, incr, incr  
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Patient X is trying to compensate for metabolic alkalosis, what are the blood gas measurements for pH, PCO2, and HCO3 respectively?   incr, incr, incr  
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