Micro/Pathology
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| Pathology | study of diseases
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| Etiology | study of disease causes
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| Pathogenesis | how a disease will develop in time
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| Infection | invasion of the body by pathogenic organisms
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| Disease | when an infection results in a change in the state of health
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| Normal flora | microorganisms that take up permanent residence and yet do not cause any disease
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| Microbial antagonism | normal microbiota can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms
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| Symbiosis | relationship between the normal microbiota and the host
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| Commensalism | one organism is benefited and the other is unaffected; bacteria that eat skin that is sloughed off
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| Mutualism | both organisms are benefited; E. coli in the large intestine synthesizes vitamins K and B
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| Parasitism | one organism is benefited at the expense of the other; many diseases fit into this
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| Synergism | both organisms must do their work together in order to be successful
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| Pathogenic organisms | cause diseases
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| True pathogens | routinely cause disease
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| Opportunistic pathogens | under healthy conditions no effect, but will when other disease weakens the host
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| Drug fast | antibiotic resistant (MRSA)
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| Symptoms | subjective sick feelings not noticeable to others
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| Signs | objective sick feelings measurable by others
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| Syndrome | group of signs that always accompany a disease
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| Communicable | able to spread from one to another
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| Contagious | easily spread; influenza
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| Non-communicable | not able to be spread to others; tetanus
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| Incidence | fraction of the population who DEVELOP the disease in a time period
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| Prevalence | fraction of the population who HAVE the disease in a time period
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| Sporadic | happens occasionally; anthrax
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| Endemic | constantly present in a population or area; common colds
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| Epidemic | many people in a short time; influenza
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| Pandemic | worldwide problem;or the majority of a population
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| Acute | rapid appearance and lasting short time
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| Chronic | slow appearance and lasts longer
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| Latent | inactive for a period of time and then reactivates; chicken pox to shingles
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| Local infection | located in a small area; boil
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| Systemic infection or generalized infection | spread through the body through blood or lymph system; measles
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| Focal infection | starts in one place and travels elsewhere; teeth to heart
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| Bacteremia | presence of bacteria in the blood
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| Septicemia | bacteria are now growing in the blood
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| Viremia | virus present in the blood
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| Sapremia | saprophytes present in the blood
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| Toxemia | Toxins in the blood
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| Primary infection | Caused by illness
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| Secondary infection | side disease that follow the initial illness
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| Subclinical infection | disease that does not cause any noticeable illness, asymptomatic;
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| Exogenous infections | pathogens from outside the body
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| Endogenous infections | pathogens from within the host
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| Mixed infections | a multiple infection caused by 2 or more microorganisms
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| Terminal infections | those that end in death (or end at the airport)
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| Passive carrier | transmit for less than one year with no sign or symptom
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| Active carriers | share disease while having the same signs and symptoms
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| Convalescent carriers | recovering from clinical form of disease
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| Chronic carriers | carry the disease for longer than 1 year usually with no sign or symptom of the disease
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| Animal source or Zoonoses | diseases that occur primarily in wild and domestic animals and are transmitted to humans
Through direct animal contact such as a brush or a bite
Or, with contaminated excreta
Or, with food or water they have contaminated
Or, through the air from hides
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| WHat does a disease need to be able to spread? | a way to move from host to host
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| Physical | person to person by casual touching, kissing and sexual contact that produce STD or sexually transmitted diseases; can also be animal to person contact
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| Droplet | happens when expelled during coughing, sneezing, laughing, talking, spitting
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| Congenital | in the womb through placental transmission or during childbirth while in the birth canal
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| Indirect | airborne or ingestion, contact with an object
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| Fomites | bacteria on inanimate objects as drinking glasses, door knobs, syringes etc.
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| Insect (anthropod) vectors – | mechanical (outside insect), biologically (insect bites)
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| Forensic | deal with the causes of death that have legal and medical significance either civil or criminal; it is an unrestricted action in that everything needed to be done to determine cause and manner of death, whether or not the embalmer likes it
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| Coroner | 21, not a felon, elected to a four year term, often funeral directors, not necessary to be a pathologist
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| Medical Examiners | board certified pathologists that are appointed by the county board and can be fired by that same board
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| Clinical | they treat patients usually in larger institutions; body fluids, secretions and excretions; especially blood and urine
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| Cellular Pathology | Rudolf Virchow is the father of this study
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| Basis | cellular changes during growth is the beginning of disease
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| Gross Path | any observation made with the observation of the eye
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| Microscopic Path | histo-pathology, the need for a microscope to see
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| General Path | changes not specific to a system or to a part
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| Special Path | changes specific to a system or to a part
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| Pathological Anatomy | removal of tissue for study
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| Clinical Pathology | laboratory tests on body fluids and secretions
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| Physiological pathology | regarding the functions of the body
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| Forensic or Medical legal pathology | medical in cooperation with legal issues
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| Biopsies | tissues removed from living or dead bodies to be studied, determined and advice given in consequences
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| Surgical | from living bodies
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| Autopsy | from dead human bodies
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| Forensic | not voluntary, legal authority, determines cause and manner of death for legal reasons
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| Clinical | voluntary and not often done, it confirms the cause of death or poses another cause of death; can be limited to a various part of the body; contributes to medical understanding; can provide some peace of mind to the surviving family
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| Role of FD in autopsy request – | neither discourage nor encourage;
can advise it may add a few days to the waiting for funeralization;
Confidential information not to be discussed unless with family or medical professionals.
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| Health | sound body, mind and soul; opposite of disease which is an interruption in the harmony of the body, mind and soul; holistic approach
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| Disease | any change in the structure of the function of the body as a result of injury to tissue
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| Fulminating | particularly severe, sudden and often fatal
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| Recurrent | alternating increase and decrease in the disease
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| Intercurrent | another disease occurring simultaneous with others
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| Idiopathic | the kind of disease is not presently known
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| Occupational | as a result of a working environment; why OSHA exists
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| Febrile | disease with a fever
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| Intoxicating | State of being poisoned
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| Suppuration | the process of pus (white blood cells surrounding bacteria) formation
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| Non-suppuration | no process of forming pus
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| Deficiency | disease from a lack of essential dietary ingredients such as vitamins, and minerals
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| Lesions | structural changes produced in the tissues as a result of disease
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| Syndrome | a group of symptoms or signs which usually appear together to indicate a particular disease
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| Diagnosis | the identification of a disease as to its name
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| Prognosis | a prediction of the probable outcome of a disease
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| Remission | a let-up in the severity of the disease with diminish signs, yet still present
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| Sequalae | remote or much later effects of the disease
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| Exacerbation | sudden increase in the severity
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| Complication | unfavorable condition which occurs as a result of having the disease
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| Pathogenesis | the manner in which it develops
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| Iatrogenic | disease caused by a physicians treatment
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| Factors exciting disease | trauma, physical or chemical agents, infectious agents, deficiency, allergens
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| Predisposing factors | age, gender, race, occupation, environment, emotion, economic status, heredity
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| Anomalies | ANything other than normal
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| Aplasia | absence of body part
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| Hypoplasia | underdevelopment of body part
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| Spina bifida | Defect in the walls of the lower spinal column
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| Polydactilism | extra digits
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| Hernia | organ poking therough the wall of a muscle
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| Fistula | abnormal path through the tissue created by your body
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| Cyst | abnormal fluid filled sac
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| Turner's syndrome | 45 chromosomes
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| Amelia | abscence of limb
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| Phocomelia | proximal parts underdeveloped
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| Cleft lip or pallet | failed closure of the lip or pallet
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| Cystic fibrosis | Cells are prevented from releasing chloride resulting in a salt imbalance
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