Flashcards from chapter 2 of Berkley Review's chemistry book (2010)
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| Mass Number (A) | Number of protons + neturons
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| Atomic number (Z) | Number of protons
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| Charge of an electron | -1.602x10-19 C (-1e)
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| Thomson experiment | Demonstrated the existence of opposite charges in an atom and that charge is a fixed quantity. Constant charge to mass ratio. Electrons shot through positive and negative plates. Electron bended towards opposite charged plate
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| Mass spectrometry | Electron shot through magnetic field and electron bends back and hits detector plate. Used to measure the charge-to-mass ratio. Large mass and velocity results in large radius of curve. Large charge or strong magnetic field results in small raidus.
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| Millikan oil drop experiment | Determines magnitude of charge. Oil dropped shot with electrons and falls between two parallel plates. Electric field is increased until oil droplet floats. Force of electric field is equal to force of gravity
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| Rutherford experiment | Determines location of dense particles Xrays shot through thin gold foil strip. When xrays hit Ag nucleus, the xray is deflected, otherwise passes straight through. Pattern that shows up on photographic plate shows dense nuclei
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| H-2 | Deuterium, used in proton NMR solvents
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| C-12 | Most abundant isotope
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| C-13 | Used in carbon NMR
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| C-14 | Used in carbon dating because of decay
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| H-1 | Most abundant isotope of hydrogen
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| H-3 | Tritium, used in radio-labeling experiments
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| U-235 | Used in nuclear fission
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| U-238 | Most abundant isotope of uranium
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| Energy of an elecron in its principal energy level | Proportional to Z^2/n^2 Z: nuclear charge n: Electronic energy level
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| Energy of photon | E = hv = hc/lambda v: frequency c: speed of light (3.0x10^8) lambda: wavelength h: Planck's constant
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| Transition energy | -2.178x10^-18 * (1/nfinal^2 - 1/ninitial^2)
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| Paramagnetic | Unpaired electrons, is affected by magnetic fields
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| Diamagnetic | All electrons paired, is not affected by magnetic fields
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| Pauli's exclusion principle | No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers
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| Hund's rule | Electrons completely fill lower energy levels before starting to fill higher energy levels
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| Afbau Principle | Electrons are added one by one to the shells, starting with the lowest energy level
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| Cation | Ion with positive charge
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| Anion | Ion with negative charge
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| Principle quantum number (n) | Describes the shell
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| Angular momentum quantum number (l) | Describes the orbital (s, p, d, f), 0 to n-1
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| Magnetic quantum number (ml) | Describes orientation of the orbital. -l to l
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| Spin quantum number (ms) | Describes rotation of the elctron (+1/2, -1/2)
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| Degenerate | Identical energy levels
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| Zeff trend | Increases from bottom left to top right
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| Atomic radius trend | Increases from top right to bottom left
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| Ionization energy trend | Amout of energy required to remove an electron from an element in it's gas state Increases from bottom left to top right
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| Electron Affinity trend | Measures tendenc of an element to gain an electron Becomes more negative from bottom left to top right... sort of... lots of exceptions for half-filled and fully filled shells
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| Electronegativity trend | An atom's tendency to gain and retain an atom from another atom in a bond Increases from bottom left to top right
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| Electronegativity and ion vs covalent bond | Eneg > 2 means ionic bond
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| Group I | - Alkali Metals - react with water to form hydroxides and hydrogen gas - react with oxygen to form oxides
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| Group II | Alkaline Earth Metals - React with water to form hydroxides and hydrogen gas - react with oxygen to form oxides
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| Group VI | Chalcogens
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| Group VII | Halogens - strong oxidizing agents - Exist as diatomic molecules
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| Group VIII | Noble gases - Unreactive (some Xe and Kr with halogens)
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| Lyman series | nfinal = 1
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| Balmer series | nfinal = 2
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| Paschen series | nfinal = 3
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| Brackett series | nfinal = 4
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| Visible light | 700nm - 400nm ROY G BiV
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| EM Spectrum | AM, FM, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-Ray, Gamma
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| Emitted vs Reflected color | Emitted color can be seen in dark. Reflected color cannot
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| Color wheel/Complementary colors | Color of an object is the complementary color to the highest absorbed color
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| Photoelectric effect | Incident photon casues release of an electron. Energy required to remove electron is work function, all extra energy becomes kinetic energy
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| Fluorescence | Visible photon emitted is of slightly less energy than input energy because a small amount of infrared energy is emitted as electron jumps down states
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| Fission | Particle loss from nucleus that results in different nucleus (nuclear decay, mass greater than 56 amu)
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| Fusion | Particle gained by the nucleus which results in a different nucleus (nuclear capture, mass less than 56 amu)
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| Alpha particle | 4alpha2 (helium nucleus)
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| Beta Particle | 0beta-1
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| Positron | 0beta+1
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| gamma emission | Mass and proton number do not change, photon emitted
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| First order half life | Half life is constant (Ct = Coe^-kt)
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| Zero order half life | Half-life decreases as concentration decreases
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