Miscellaneous Biologists
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| English, 1774-1857, naval officer and hydrographer, devised eponymous scale of wind force and a tabulated system of weather registration | Sir Francis Beaufort
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| Scottish geologist, 1797-1875, wrote Principles of Geology, denied necessity of stupendous upheavals, arguing that the greatest geological changes might have been produced by forces still at work | Sir Charles Lyell
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| Latin name of Gerhard Kremer, 16=512-94, Flemish geographer and map-maker, introduced map projection that bears his name, first to use the word "atlas" | Geradus Mercator
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| German mineralogist, 1773-1839, wrote The Natural History System of Mineralogy, established scale of hardness | Friedrich Mohs
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| American seismologist, 1900-85, devised absolute scale of earthquake strength | Charles Richter
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| German meteorologist and geophysicist, 1880-1930, proposed theory of continental drift, led to science of plate tectonics | Alfred Wegener
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| American horticulturalist, 1849-1926, pioneer in improving food plants through grafting and hybridization | Luther Burbank
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| English molecular biologist, built model of DNA | Francis Crick
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| English, 1809-82, naturalist, originator of theory of evolution by natural selection, wrote The Origin of Species | Charles Darwin
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| Scottish bacteriologist, 1881-1955, discovered penicillin | Alexander Fleming
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| Italian physiologist, 1737-98, investigated role of electrical impulses in animal tissue, connected frog to corresponding nerve and observed twitching | Luigi Galvani
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| English biologist, 1825-95, during HMS Rattlesnake expedition to South Seas, foremost scientific supporter of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection | Thomas Huxley
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| French naturalist, 1744-1829, made distinction between vertebrates and invertebrates, postulated that acquired characters can be inherited by later generations | Jean Lamarck
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| Swedish naturalist, 1707-78, introduced binomial nomenclature of generic and specific names for animals and plants which permitted hierarchical organization | Carolus Linnaeus
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| Austrian biologist and botanist whose principle of factorial inheritance, experiments in ybridity in plants led to Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment | Gregor Mendel
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| French chemist, 1822-95, founder of modern bacteriology, proposed germ theory of diseases, method of killing harmful bacteria in wine and milk | Louis Pasteur
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| Russian physiologist, 1849-1936, study of conditioned reflexes | Ivan Pavlov
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| American biologist, b. 1928, won Nobel for work on structure of DNA, wrote The Double Helix | James Watson
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