Facial Bones and Facial Muscles
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| the care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color | restorative art
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| anatomical study of the face and the features | physiognomy
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| natural, most common characteristic of a feature or anatomical part | norm
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| exception to the norm, anatomical oddity | anomaly
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| front of the body, in front of point of reference | anterior
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| toward the back of the body or point of reference | posterior
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| toward the head of the body, above a point of reference | superior
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| toward the feet, below a point of reference | inferior
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| toward the middle or midline | medial
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| away from the middle, on the side | lateral
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| on both sides | bilateral
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| jutting out of a part or structure in comparison with a background plane or another part of the structure | projection
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| the moving backward of a part in comparison to a foreground plane | recession
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| curving or bulging outward or forward | convex curvature
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| curving or sinking inward or backward from a foreground plane | concave curvature
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| the top or the bottom of a curved surface, where the direction changes | crest of a curvature
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| the state of being out of balance or alignment | asymmetry
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| structure purpose: to give support and shape to all anatomical features superior to it | Bone
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| typical shape of the skull | ovoid
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| the width of the skull is approximately _____ its length | 2/3
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| name the 6 cranial bones | frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital
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| name the 7 facial bones | nasal (2), zygomatic (2), maxillary (2), mandible
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| most posterior and inferior of the cranial bones | occipital
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| occipital bone sep. from the parietal and temporal bones by the _____ suture | lambdoidal
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| located medially on the inferior surface of the occipital bone, spinal cord descends through this | foramen magnum
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| small eminence located medially and posterior to the foramen magnum | external occipital protuberance
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| bony ridge that extends bilaterally from the external occipital protuberance | superior nuchal crest
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| large eminences on either side of the foramen magnum, C1 fits into these | occipital condyles
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| bones located superior to the temporal and occipital bones and posterior to the frontal bone | parietal bones
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| suture that sep. the two parietal bones | midsagital suture
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| suture that seps. parietal bones from occipital | lambdoidal suture
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| suture that seps. temporal bones from parietals | squamosal suture
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| suture that seps. frontal bone from parietals | coronal suture
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| bump that marks the change in direction of the parietal bone | parietal eminence
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| widest part of the skull is measured between these landmarks | parietal eminences
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| bones inferior to the parietal bones and anterior to the occipital bone | temporal bones
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| suture that seps. occipital from temporal | lambdoidal
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| suture that seps. parietal and temporal | squamosal
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| anterior and superior part of the temporal bone, the thinnest bone of the skull | squama
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| tube-like opening on the temporal bone leads to inner ear | external auditory meatus
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| small socket-like depression anterior to ear passage on temporal bone | mandibular fossa
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| most posteroinferior part of the temporal bone, SCM muscle attaches here | mastoid process
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| widest part of the neck is measured at this landmark | mastoid processes
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| narrow ribbon-like landmark that touches zygomatic bone, originates on temporal bone | zygomatic arch
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| the widest part of the face as a whole is measured here | between zygomatic arches
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| most anterosuperior bone of the cranium | frontal
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| suture that seps. frontal bone from parietals | coronal
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| suture that seps. frontal bone from temporals | squamosal
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| rounded bumps on the frontal bone which mark the change in direction, hairline begins here | frontal eminences
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| comma-like bumps above the medial part of the eyebrow on the frontal bone | supercilliary arches
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| bony ridge behind the eyebrows on the frontal bone | supraorbital margin
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| small smooth elevation between the eyebrows, just above the nose on the frontal bone | glabella
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| vertical ridge on each side of of the vertical surface of the frontal bone | lines of the temple
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| the angle measured on the inside of the line of the temple measures | 110 degrees
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| facial bones that lie directly inferior and obliquely anterior to the glabella | nasal bones
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| forms the superior portion of the nasal cavity | perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
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| forms the inferior portion of the nasal cavity | vomer bone
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| facial bones located inferior and lateral to orbital cavities | zygomatic bones
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| point where the front of the cheek changes direction, located inferolateral to the corner of the eye | prominences of the cheek
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| the widest part of the anterior plane of the face is measured between these facial landmarks | prominences of the cheek
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| a naturally reddened portion of the skin due to the concentration of capillaries-name an example | warm areas-prominences of the cheek
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| located inferior to the nasal cavity and lateral to the nasal cavity and the nasal bone | maxillary bones
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| forms the posterior part of the nasal septum at the midline | maxillary bone, nasal spine
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| tooth sockets, how many? | alveolar margin, 16
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| roof of the mouth, what bone? | palatine process, maxillary bone
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| most anterior and inferior bone of the skull | mandible
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| curved horizontal part of the mandible | body
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| the straight vertical portions of the mandible | ramus
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| projection of mandible at the midline, just above the base of the chin | mental eminence
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| depression of the mandible btw the mental eminence and the incisors | incisive fossa
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| angle formed by the joining of the ramus and the body of the mandible | angle of the mandible
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| range of the mandibular angle in prime of life? in old age? | 110-120, old age: 140
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| knob-like end of ramus of mandible, fits into the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone | mandibular condyle
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| projection of the jaws or a part of the jaws beyond the upper part of the face | prognathism
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| the direction of the furrow of a muscle is always at a _____ angle to the striation of the muscle | right
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| the ability of a muscle to go back to its original position and to hold that position | muscle tone
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| stationary point of muscle attachment | origin
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| point of muscle attachment where the pull of the muscle is applied when the muscle contracts | insertion
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| what a muscle does | action
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| directional alignment of the fibers in a muscle, the grain | striation
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| area of muscle where bulk of volume is located | belly
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| connective tissue which attaches the muscle to another structure | tendon
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| a muscle which surrounds a natural body opening, purse string action | sphincter
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| fan shaped muscle, multiple origins to one point of insertion | radiating
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| muscles that reverse the action of each other | antagonistic
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| muscle that raises the eyebrows | occipito-frontalis
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| the muscle of surprise | occipito-frontalis
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| a tendon that covers the top of the skull and part of the sides of the skull | Gali Aponeurotica
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| muscle located on the temporal bone, the strongest chewing muscle | temporalis
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| muscle that forms the eyelids, allows us to blink | orbicularis oculi
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| crow's feet | optic facial sulci
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| muscle that draws the medial ends of the eyebrows together and down | corrigator
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| the frowning muscle | corrigator
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| deep line in the middle of the forehead when frowning | vertical intercilliary sulcus
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| muscle that raises the eyelid | levator palpabrae superioris
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| the ridge on the upper eyelid where eyelashes grow out of | tarsis
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| shallow wrinkles on the upper eyelids | linear sulci
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| helps the corrigator in frowning, draws medial ends of the eyebrows forward and down | procerus
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| shallow wrinkles across the root of the nose | transverse intercilliary sulci
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| right angle to the procerus muscle, aids in widening the nostrils | depressor nasalis
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| nasalis muscle | depressor nasalis
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| sphincter muscle which closes and protrudes the lips | orbicularis oris
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| vertical depression on the midline of lip, dividing into two irregular halves | philtrum
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| raises the upper lip and wing of the nose | levator labii superioris alaquae nasi
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| common elevator | levator labii superioris alaquae nasi
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| medial head of the quadratus | levator labii superioris alaquae nasi
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| main muscle that raises and moves the upper lip | levator labii superioris
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| intermediate head of the quadratus | levator labii superioris
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| raises the corner of the mouth superiorly and laterally | zygomaticus minor
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| smiling muscle | zygomaticus minor
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| lateral head of the quadratus | zygomaticus minor
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| lifts the corner of the mouth | levator anguli oris
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| snarling muscle | levator anguli oris
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| laughing muscle | zygomaticus major
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| deepest of the cheek muscles | buccinator
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| compresses the cheek | buccinator
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| bugler's/trumpeter's muscle | buccinator
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| intermediate of the cheek muscles | masseter
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| helps to raise the mandible for speech and chewing | masseter
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| most superficial of the cheek muscles | risorius
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| retracts the sides of the mouth bilaterally and exposes the teeth | risorius
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| grinner, grin-maker | risorius
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| pulls down the corner/angle of the mouth | depressor anguli oris
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| triangularis | depressor anguli oris
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| pulls lower lip downward, primary mover of the lower lip | depressor labii inferioris
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| raises and protrudes the lower lip, gives fullness to the chin | mentalis
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| place to perform the musculature suture for mouth closure | mentalis
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| shock and horror muscle | platysma
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| muscles that act together to rotate the head | sterno-cleido-mastoid
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| these two muscles form the cords of the neck in old age | digastricus and omo-hyoidius
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| abnormal upper jaw projection | maxillary prognathism
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| abnormal genetic projection of the body of the mandible-a werewolf look | mandibular prognathism
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| abnormal forward projection of the sockets and teeth | alveolar prognathism
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| buck teeth/overbite: teeth grow forward out of sockets too far forward | dental prognathism
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| abnormal forward projection of the upper jaw beneath the nose | infranasal prognathism
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| the widest part of the neck is measured | distance between SCM muscle at the mastoid processes
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| brown or black pigment of the skin | melanin
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| local and permanent concentration of melanin due to aging (two terms) | chloasma, liver spots
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| localized absence or permanent absence of melanin, gradual loss of color (two terms) | leukoderma, vitiligo
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| congenital absence of melanin | albinism
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| localized increase in dermal cells, a neoplasm (two terms) | nevus, mole
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| local and temporary concentration of melanocytes-freckles | lentigo
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| yellow pigment found in low levels of epidermis | carotene
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| pigment found in the blood of superficial capillaries | hematin
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| port wine stain due to benign blood tumor of the face | angioma
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| three basic facial profiles | convex, concave, vertical
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| most common facial profile | convex
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| facial profile in which the forehead recedes (curves back) from the eyebrow to the hairline and the chin recedes from the projection of the upper lip | convex
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| facial profile where forehead, upper lip, and chin all project to the same line | vertical
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| facial profile in which the forehead protrudes from eyebrow to hairline and the chin protrudes farther than the philtrum | concave
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| least common facial profile | concave
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| how many possible facial profiles? | 9
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| how many variations of the facial profiles? name them. | 6. convex-concave, convex-vertical, concave-convex, concave-vertical, vertical-concave, vertical-convex
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| how many geometric frontal shapes of the face | 7
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| frontal face shape where the length is approximately the width (two terms) | round, infantine
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| frontal face shape where the width equals 2/3s length, most common | oval
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| frontal face shape where the length and width are equal (two terms) | square
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| frontal face shape, width is less than 2/3s length, long and narrow | oblong
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| frontal face shape, greatest width is at angles of mandible, least common | triangular
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| frontal face shape, widest between temples, flat forehead | inverted triangle
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| frontal face shape, greatest width across cheek bones, narrow forehead, narrow jaws | diamond
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| the division of the upper third of the face is between | hairline and upper border of the eyebrow
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| the division of the middle third of the face is between | upper border of the eyebrow to the base of the nose
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| the division of the lower third of the face is between | base of the nose and base of the chin
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| the superior 1/3 of the lower third of the face is between | base of nose to line of lip closure
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| the middle 1/3 of the lower third of the face is between | line of lip closure to labiomental sulcus
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| the inferior 1/3 of the lower third of the face is between | labiomental sulcus and base of the chin
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| the line of lip closure should lie _____ between the base of the nose and the top of the chin | halfway
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| all of the supplemental equalities equal ____ of the face | 2/3
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| hairline to base of nose is equal to 3 things: | eyebrow to base of chin, tip of the nose to ear passage, ear passage to ear passage
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| face is ___ eyewidths wide from zygomatic arch to zygomatic arch | 5
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| Old ways and why they didn't work | plaster of paris, clay, paraffin
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| didn't work because shrinks and discolors | plaster of paris
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| didn't work because nothing would stick to it | clay
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| didn't work because hard to stick and doesn't take cosmetics | paraffin
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| derma surgery, plastar surgery, demi surgery | old terms of R/A
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| less then 20 min, one step | minor r/a
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| more than 20 min, multiple steps | major r/a
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| oblique shape | inclination
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| muscle with ribbion like tendon | aponeurosis
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| levator labii superiris alaque nasi, levator labbii superious, zygomaticus minor, levator anguli orris | quadratis muscle
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| adipose, glands, deep fascia(connective tissue), superficial fascia | 4 types of tissue
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| thinest tissues over the | eyelid
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| made up of caralidge, and ceruminous glands | ear
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| farthest distance between skin and bone | cheek
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| cell producing melainin | melanocytes
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| blood vessles, nurves, deep, sebacious glands, and sudoriforus glands | dermis
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| superficial, protects from dehydration, contains melanocytes | epidermis
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| aging, exposure to uv light, climate or weather, heredity | factors affecting age
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| normal/natural light | best lighting for photo
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| direct light | not best
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| flat lighting | close intense flash- wash out
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| comparision of 2 sides of face/features to observe and note similarites/differences | bilateral view
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| standard by which we measure human appearance-basis for comparison, by greeks | canon of beauty
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| any bertical measurement | length
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| any horizontal measurement | width
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| vertical measurment of a part of a feature within a greater verical measurement | height
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| apex to base of chin | head
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| 7.5 to 8 times head hight | body height
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| head shape | oval
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| hairline to base of nose, eyebrow to base of chin, tip of nose to ear passage, ear passage to ear passage straight through head | all 2/3 of face known as supplemental equalities
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| 1/2 between vertex of cranium and base of chin | line of eye closure
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| best portate view | 3/4 view
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| photo age | 6months
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| any area or surface of face lying at a right angle to source of illumination which relfects max amount of light | highlight
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| any part not at right angle away from light | shaddow
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