muscle, bone, and skin
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| three types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
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| four functions of muscle | body movement, stabilization of body position, movement of substances through the body, generating heat to maintain body temperature
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| characteristics of skeletal muscle | voluntary (consciously controlled), connects one bone to another, striated (composed of sarcomeres); multinucleate; don't generally undergo mitosis to create new muscle cells but grows by hypertrophy
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| characteristics of heart muscle | involuntary, striated, contains only 1 nucleus, and separated from its neighboring cells with intercalated disc; grows by hypertrophy
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| sarcomere | smallest functional unit of skeletal muscle, composed of many strands of thick and thin filaments, laid side by side to form myofibril
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| sarcoplasmic reticulum | specialized ER of the muscle cell that surrounds each myofibril; its lumen is filled with calcium ions
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| myosin | protein that makes up the thick filament
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| actin | globular protein that makes up the thin filament
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| 1st stage of skeletal muscle contraction | tropomyosin covers an active site on acti preventing myosin from binding (it remains in cocked high energy position with phosphate and ADP group attached)
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| 2nd stage of skeletal muscle contraction | in presence of Ca2+, troponin pulls tropomyosin back exposing the active site so myosin head can bind to actin
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| 3rd stage of skeletal muscle contraction | myosin head expels phosphate and ADP and bends into low energy position while dragging actin along with it (power stroke) --> SARCOMERE SHORTENS -- MUSCLE CONTRACTION
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| 4th stage of skeletal muscle contraction | ATP attaches to myosin head so myosin releases from active site (which is immediately covered by tropomyosin)
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| 5th stage of skeletal muscle contraction | ATP splits into inorganic phosphate and ADP causing myosin head to cock into high energy position
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| muscle contraction begins with ____ | action potential when neuron releases acetylcholine into synaptic cleft thereby activating ion channel in sarcolemna
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| t-tubules | small tunnels in muscle membrane that allow uniform contraction of muscle by allowing action potential to spread thru the muscle cell more rapidly
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| what happens to calcium at the end of 5 stage muscle contraction cycle? | actively pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| motor unit | neuron and the muscle fibers that innervate it; independent of each other; usually smaller ones are recruited first, then larger; intricate movements have smaller motor units and those requiring greater force have large motor units
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| myoglobin | oxygen storing protein similar to hemoglobin but only has 1 protein subunit, found in type I or slow-twitch muscle fibers, make muscles have redder color
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| intercalated disc | contain gap junctions which allow action potential to spread from 1 cardiac cell to the next via electrical synapse
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| hypertrophy | increase in muscle cell diameter and change in muscle conformation
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| what is special about the action potential of cardiac muscle? | they exhibit plateau after depolarization (plateau from slow voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that allow Ca to enter and hold the inside of the membrane at (+) potential distance) which will lengthen the time of contraction
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| characteristics of smooth muscle | involuntary and innervated by autonomic nervous system, contain thick and thin filaments (not organized into sarcomeres), contain intermediate filaments attached to dense bodies
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| two types of smooth muscle | single unit and multi-unit
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| single unit smooth muscle | aka visceral, most common smooth muscle type, connected by gap junctions spreading the AP from single neuron thru a large group of cells so they act as a single unit, found in small arteries and veins, stomach, intestines, uterus and urinary bladder
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| multi-unit smooth muscle | attached directly to a neuron, a group of multiunit smooth muscle cells can contract independently, found in large arteries, bronchioles, pili muscles attached to hair follicles and the iris
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| what can cause smooth muscle to contract? | neural stimulus, hormones, changes in pH, O2, CO2, temperature, and ion concentrations
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| bone | living tissue which supports soft tissue, protects inner organs, assists in body movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage (in the form of adipose)
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| osteoprogenitor | differentiate into osteoblasts
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| osteoblast | secrete collagen and organic cmpds upon which bone is formed, incapable of mitosis; release matrix materials to surround themselves and will differentiate into osteocytes
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| osteocytes | incapable of mitosis, exchange nutrients and waste materials with the blood
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| osteoclast | resorbs bone, releasing minerals back into the blood
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| typical long bone | epiphysis - metaphysis - diaphysis - metaphysis - epiphysis
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| spongy bone | contain red bone marrow, the site of hemopoiesis
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| compact bone | surrounds medullary cavity which holds the yellow bone marrow; highly organized; contains haversion system (osteons)
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| yellow bone marrow | storage of fat cells (adipose)
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| Haversion canals | tunnels in compact burrowed by osteoclasts then the osteoblasts lay down new matrix to form concentric rings (lamellae); contain blood and lymph vessels
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| canaliculi | how trapped osteocytes between lamallae exchange nutrients
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| volkmann's canals | crossing canals that connect the blood and lymph vessels of the Haversion canals
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| Ca2+ is stored in the body mostly in... | the bone matrix as hydroxyapatite
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| hydroxypatite | calcium phosphate hydroxyl containing compound that lies alongside collagen fibers to give bone greater compressive strength than the best reinforced concrete
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| what are the four types of bone? | long, short, flat, or irregular
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| cartilage | flexible resilient connective tissue composed primarily of collagen and has great tensile strength, contains no blood vessels, types include: hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic
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| three types of joints are.. | fibrous (ex skull), cartilagenous (ex: btw ribs), and synovial (wide range of movement)
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| 7 functions of skin | 1. thermoregulation
2. protection
3. environmental sensory input
4. excretion
5. immunity
6. blood reservoir
7. vitamin D synthesis
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| epidermis | avascular epithelial tissue; consists of keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and merkel cells; have 5 layers w/ keritnocytes pushed to top
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| dermis | connective tissue derived from mesodermal cells; embedded by blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles; contains collagen and elastic fibers to provide strength, extensibility, and elasticity
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| subcutaneous layer of skin | under the dermis that is an important heat insulator (fat maintains normal core body temp while skin approaches temp of environment)
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