Micro Qtr 1
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| defined as the study of microorganisms and their effects on other organisms | Microbiology
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| Membrane Bound Nucleus, Large, Outer Membrane | Eukaryotic Cell
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| No True Nucleus but still has DNA, Small, Peptidoglycan in cell wall | Prokaryotic Cell
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| The 5 Kingdoms | Prokaryote/Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plant, Animal
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| The 3 Domains | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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| Domain with prokaryotic cells that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls | Archaea
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| The Taxonomical Hierarchy | Domain, Kingdom, Division/Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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| Study of bacteria | Bacteriology
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| Study of fungal organisms | Mycology
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| Study of viruses | Virology
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| Study of parasites | Parasitology
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| Study of immunity | Immunology
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| Describe Bacteria | Single celled organism (unicellular), prokaryotic, Kingdom Prokaryote/Monera, 3 shapes, peptidoglycan cell wall, binary fission (reproduction)
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| Saprophytes & Parasites are... | Heterotrophs
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| Self-Feeders | Autotrophs
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| No bacterial cell wall, smallest free living organism, has a fried egg appearance, | Mycoplasma
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| Involve an insect vector, Obligate Intracellular Parasites, Cause Typhus Fevers | Rickettsia
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| Bacteria that is an Obligate Intracellular Parasite | Chlamydia
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| Eukaryotes, most are unicellular, first-formed animals, Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista | Protozoa (singular Protozoan)
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| Eukaryotes, Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi | Fungi (singular Fungus)
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| 2 Types of Fungi & characteristics | Yeasts: unicellular oval microorganisms
Molds: multicellular organisms that form visible masses
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| Acellular, contains either DNA or RNA, nucleic acid core surrounded by a capsid (protein coat), obligate intracellular parasites | Viruses
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| An infectious protein resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acids, causes CJD & mad cow disease | Prion
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| Study of shape and form without regard to function | Morphology
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| Bacteria Diameter & Units | .2-2.0 um
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| Bacteria Length & Units | 2.0-8.0 um
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| 3 Primary Shapes of Bacteria | Coccus, Bacillus, Spiral
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| Spherical bacteria that cause diseases like scarlet fever & rheumatic fever | Coccus (cocci)
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| Rod shaped bacteria that cause diseases like typhoid fever, shigellosis, anthrax, tetanus | Bacillus (bacilli)
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| 3 Types of Spiral Bacteria | Vibrio, Spirillum, Spirochete
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| Comma Shaped Bacteria | Vibrio (vibrios)
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| Helical bacteria rigid when in motion | Spirilla (spirillum)
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| Helical bacteria flexible when in motion | Spirochetes
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| What is the shape of bacteria determined by? | Heredity
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| Genetically most bacteria are... | Monomorphic
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| Bacteria that do not change shape | Monomorphic
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| Bacteria that changes shape like corynebacterium | Pleomorphic
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| Cocci that remain in pairs after dividing | Diplococci
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| Spherical bacteria that remain attached in chain-like patterns after dividing | Streptococci
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| Cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four | Tetrads
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| Spherical bacteria that divide on three planes and remain attched in cube-like groups of eight | Sarcinae
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| Cocci that divide in multiple planes and form grape-like clusters | Staphylococci
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| Rod-shaped bacteria that divide across their short axis and remain in pairs | Diplobacilli
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| Bacilli that divide across their short axis and remain in chains | Streptobacilli
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| Rod-shaped bacteria that are oval and look like cocci | Coccobacilli
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| Do spiral shaped bacteria have arrangements? | NO
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| A sticky, gelatinous coating that surrounds the cell wall of a bacteria | Glycocalyx
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| A glycocalyx that is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall | Capsule
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| An unorganized glycocalyx that is loosely attached to the cell wall | Slime Layer
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| A bacteria with a capsule that causes pneumococcal pneumonia | Streptococcus pneumoniae
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| How do capsules enhance virulence? | By resisting phagocytosis
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| Having a single flagellum | Monotrichous
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| Having flagella/flagellum at both ends | Amphitrichous
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| Having tufts or bunches of flagella at one end | Lophotrichous
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| Flagella covering the entire surface | Peritrichous
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| The movement of a bacterium toward or away from a stimulus or envirnment | Taxis
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| Light stimulus | Phototaxis
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| Chemical stimulus | Chemotaxis
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| A favorable stimulus | Attractant
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| An unfavorable stimulus | Repellant
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| Flagella produced by spirochetes | Axial Filaments/Endoflagella
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| Causative agent of syphilis with axial filaments | Treponema pallidum
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| Type of motion the axial filaments give spirochetes | Corkscrew
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| Short, hair-like/bristle-like appendages that allow for attachment | Pili or Fimbriae
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| Bacteria with pili that causes gonorrhea | Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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| What are the purposes of a bacterial cell wall? | Prevents the cell from rupturing, maintains shape, it's a point of anchorage for flagella, may help cause disease
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| The primary macromolecular network of a bacterial cell | Peptidoglycan
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| Characteristics of a Gram-positive cell | Many layers of peptidoglycan, wall contains teichoic acids, no outer membrane, creates an exotoxin
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| Characteristics of a Gram-negative cell | One or few layers of peptidoglycan, has an outer membrane, no teichoic acids, outer membrane produces an endotoxin
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| Concept that the bacterial cell wall is chemically different than a host cell so antibiotics that target the bacterial cell wall will not harm the host cell | Selective Toxicity
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| A digestive enzyme that can damage the bacterial cell wall | Lysozyme
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| A Gram-positive cell will almost be completely destroyed by lysozyme, the wall-less cell is called.... | A Protoplast
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| A Gram-negative cell wall will not be completely destroyed by lysozyme, what remains is called a..... | Spheroplast
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| The gate-keeper of the cell; most importantly, determines what enters and exits the cell | Plasma Membrane
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| 2 Types of movement across a cell membrane | Passive and Active
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| Substances cross the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with no expenditure of energy | Passive Transport
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| The cell must use ATP to move substances from an area of low concentration to high concentration | Active Transport
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| What are examples of molecules that can cross a cell membrane by simple diffusion? | Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and water
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| Type of passive transport where the substance being transported combines with a plasma membrane protein called a transporter or protease | Facilitated Diffusion
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| Simple diffusion of water | Osmosis
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| In living systems the chief solvent is... | Water
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| The type of solution where the solute concentration outside of the cell equals the solute concentration inside the cell | Isotonic Solution
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| The type of solution where the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than the solute concentration inside of the cell | Hypotonic Solution
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| The expanding or bursting of a cell | Plasmoptysis, Osmotic Lysis
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| The type of solution where the solute concentration outside of the cell is higher than inside the cell | Hypertonic Solution
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| The shrink or collapse of a cell | Plasmolysis
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| Special type of active transport used by prokaryotic cells where the substance being transported gets chemically altered | Group Translocation
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| 3 Things that all prokaryotic cells contain in the cytoplasm | Nuclear Area, Ribosomes, Inclusion Body
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| Describe the composition of the cytoplasm in a prokaryotic cell | 80% water, contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic ions
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| 3 other names for the nuclear area in a prokaryotic cell | Nuclear Body, Nuclear Region, Nucleoid
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| Function as the site of protein synthesis in the prokaryotic cell | Ribosomes
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| Function as reserve deposits, temporary storage | Inclusion Bodies
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| Certain gram-positive cells, Clostridium & Bacillus, form specialized resting cells called... | Endospores
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| What is the shape of spore forming bacteria? | Rod Shaped
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| The process of spore formation is called... | Sporulation, Sporogenesis
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| Characteristics of an endospore | Thick wall, resistant to physical agents, resistant to most disinfecting agents, form when there is a lack of carbon, nitrogen, or moisture
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| Going from spore state to vegetative state is.... | Germination
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| Going from vegetative state to the spore state is.... | Sporulation, Sporogenesis
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| Self-nourishing bacteria capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds | Autotrophic Bacteria
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| Bacteria that require complex organic food from a carbon source | Heterotropic Bacteria
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| Most pathogenic bacteria are.... | Heterotropic
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| 3 Catagories of Heterotrophic Bacteria | Strict Saprophytes, Strict Parasites, Facultative Bacteria
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| 2 Types of Facultative Bacteria | Facultative Parasites, Facultative Saprophytes
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| Bacteria that survive on dead or decaying matter | Strict Saprophytes
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| Bacteria that are completely dependant on their living host for the nutrients they need to survive | Strict Parasites
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| Bacteria adapted to be able to grow in the presence of dead or decaying matter, but prefer living organic matter | Facultative Saprophytes
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| Bacteria adapted to survive in the presence of living organic matter but prefer dead or decaying matter | Facultative Parasites
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| Name the 5 classifications of bacteria based on their oxygen requirements | Obligate Aerobe
Obligare Anaerobe
Microaerophilic Organisms
Facultative Organisms
Aerotolerant Organisms
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| Microorganisms that can only live in the presence of oxygen because they need it to metabolize sugars | Obligate Aerobe
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| Microbes that can only survive in an envirnment devoid of oxygen | Obligate Anaerobes
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| Microorganisms that require little free oxygen (about 2-10%) | Microaerophilic Microorganisms
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| Bacteria adapted to survive in the absence of oxygen but prefers the presence of oxygen | Facultative Anaerobe
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| Bacteria adapted to survive in the presence of oxygen but prefer to live without oxygen | Facultative Aerobe
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| Organisms that can grow in the absence or presence of oxygen | Aerotolerant Organisms
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| Do pathogenic bacteria require fairly high levels of moisture to grow? | Yes
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| How do bacteria obtain most of their nutrients? | From the surrounding water they are in solution in
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| What temperature do pathogenic bacteria grow best at? | Body temperature; 37*C (98.6 *F)
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| Name the 3 broad catagories of bacteria based on their temperature requirements to grow | Psychrophiles
Mesophiles
Thermophiles
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| Bacteria that prefer moderate temperatures | Mesophiles
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| What is the min & max temperatures for mesophiles? | 25-40*C (77-104*F)
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| Bacteria that prefer cold | Psychrophiles
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| What is the min & max temperatures for psychrophiles? | 0-25*C (32-77*F)
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| Most pathogenic bacteria are classified as ________ | Mesophiles
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| Bacteria that thrive best in high temperatures | Thermophiles
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| What is the min & max temperatures for thermophiles? | 40-70*C (104-158*F)
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| Temperature below which bacterial growth will not take place | Minimum Growth Temperature
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| Temperature above which bacterial growth will not take place | Maximum Growth Temperature
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| Temperature at which organisms grow best | Optimum Growth Temperature
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| What pH range to bacteria grow best in? | Between 6-8, near neutrality
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| In the visible light spectrum, what color is least destructive to bacteria? | Red
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| In the visible light spectrum, what color is most destructive to bacteria? | Violet
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| What light spectrum destroys most bacteria? | Ultraviolet Light
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| The pressure required to prevent the net flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane | Osmotic Pressure
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| Other than water, what is one of the most important requirements for microbial growth? | Carbon
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| 3 Key components of Macromolecules | Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
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| Nitrogen, sulfur, & phosphorus are also needed by bacteria for the synthesis of... | Proteins, DNA & RNA, ATP (energy)
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| A microorganism that grows best at relatively high carbon dioxide concentrations | Capnophile
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| A visible group of bacteria growing on a culture medium | Bacterial Colony
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| 2 Types of Bacterial Colonies | Mixed-more than one species
Pure-only one species
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| A method of asexual reproduction in bacteria in which the parent cell splits into two daughter cells, each develops into a complete identical cell | Binary Fission/Simple Transverse Division
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| The time required for a cell to divide (and its population to double) | Generation Time
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| What is the generation time for most bacterial cells? | 1-3 hours
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