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Micro Qtr 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| defined as the study of microorganisms and their effects on other organisms | Microbiology |
| Membrane Bound Nucleus, Large, Outer Membrane | Eukaryotic Cell |
| No True Nucleus but still has DNA, Small, Peptidoglycan in cell wall | Prokaryotic Cell |
| The 5 Kingdoms | Prokaryote/Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plant, Animal |
| The 3 Domains | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| Domain with prokaryotic cells that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls | Archaea |
| The Taxonomical Hierarchy | Domain, Kingdom, Division/Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Study of bacteria | Bacteriology |
| Study of fungal organisms | Mycology |
| Study of viruses | Virology |
| Study of parasites | Parasitology |
| Study of immunity | Immunology |
| Describe Bacteria | Single celled organism (unicellular), prokaryotic, Kingdom Prokaryote/Monera, 3 shapes, peptidoglycan cell wall, binary fission (reproduction) |
| Saprophytes & Parasites are... | Heterotrophs |
| Self-Feeders | Autotrophs |
| No bacterial cell wall, smallest free living organism, has a fried egg appearance, | Mycoplasma |
| Involve an insect vector, Obligate Intracellular Parasites, Cause Typhus Fevers | Rickettsia |
| Bacteria that is an Obligate Intracellular Parasite | Chlamydia |
| Eukaryotes, most are unicellular, first-formed animals, Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista | Protozoa (singular Protozoan) |
| Eukaryotes, Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi | Fungi (singular Fungus) |
| 2 Types of Fungi & characteristics | Yeasts: unicellular oval microorganisms Molds: multicellular organisms that form visible masses |
| Acellular, contains either DNA or RNA, nucleic acid core surrounded by a capsid (protein coat), obligate intracellular parasites | Viruses |
| An infectious protein resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acids, causes CJD & mad cow disease | Prion |
| Study of shape and form without regard to function | Morphology |
| Bacteria Diameter & Units | .2-2.0 um |
| Bacteria Length & Units | 2.0-8.0 um |
| 3 Primary Shapes of Bacteria | Coccus, Bacillus, Spiral |
| Spherical bacteria that cause diseases like scarlet fever & rheumatic fever | Coccus (cocci) |
| Rod shaped bacteria that cause diseases like typhoid fever, shigellosis, anthrax, tetanus | Bacillus (bacilli) |
| 3 Types of Spiral Bacteria | Vibrio, Spirillum, Spirochete |
| Comma Shaped Bacteria | Vibrio (vibrios) |
| Helical bacteria rigid when in motion | Spirilla (spirillum) |
| Helical bacteria flexible when in motion | Spirochetes |
| What is the shape of bacteria determined by? | Heredity |
| Genetically most bacteria are... | Monomorphic |
| Bacteria that do not change shape | Monomorphic |
| Bacteria that changes shape like corynebacterium | Pleomorphic |
| Cocci that remain in pairs after dividing | Diplococci |
| Spherical bacteria that remain attached in chain-like patterns after dividing | Streptococci |
| Cocci that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four | Tetrads |
| Spherical bacteria that divide on three planes and remain attched in cube-like groups of eight | Sarcinae |
| Cocci that divide in multiple planes and form grape-like clusters | Staphylococci |
| Rod-shaped bacteria that divide across their short axis and remain in pairs | Diplobacilli |
| Bacilli that divide across their short axis and remain in chains | Streptobacilli |
| Rod-shaped bacteria that are oval and look like cocci | Coccobacilli |
| Do spiral shaped bacteria have arrangements? | NO |
| A sticky, gelatinous coating that surrounds the cell wall of a bacteria | Glycocalyx |
| A glycocalyx that is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall | Capsule |
| An unorganized glycocalyx that is loosely attached to the cell wall | Slime Layer |
| A bacteria with a capsule that causes pneumococcal pneumonia | Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| How do capsules enhance virulence? | By resisting phagocytosis |
| Having a single flagellum | Monotrichous |
| Having flagella/flagellum at both ends | Amphitrichous |
| Having tufts or bunches of flagella at one end | Lophotrichous |
| Flagella covering the entire surface | Peritrichous |
| The movement of a bacterium toward or away from a stimulus or envirnment | Taxis |
| Light stimulus | Phototaxis |
| Chemical stimulus | Chemotaxis |
| A favorable stimulus | Attractant |
| An unfavorable stimulus | Repellant |
| Flagella produced by spirochetes | Axial Filaments/Endoflagella |
| Causative agent of syphilis with axial filaments | Treponema pallidum |
| Type of motion the axial filaments give spirochetes | Corkscrew |
| Short, hair-like/bristle-like appendages that allow for attachment | Pili or Fimbriae |
| Bacteria with pili that causes gonorrhea | Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| What are the purposes of a bacterial cell wall? | Prevents the cell from rupturing, maintains shape, it's a point of anchorage for flagella, may help cause disease |
| The primary macromolecular network of a bacterial cell | Peptidoglycan |
| Characteristics of a Gram-positive cell | Many layers of peptidoglycan, wall contains teichoic acids, no outer membrane, creates an exotoxin |
| Characteristics of a Gram-negative cell | One or few layers of peptidoglycan, has an outer membrane, no teichoic acids, outer membrane produces an endotoxin |
| Concept that the bacterial cell wall is chemically different than a host cell so antibiotics that target the bacterial cell wall will not harm the host cell | Selective Toxicity |
| A digestive enzyme that can damage the bacterial cell wall | Lysozyme |
| A Gram-positive cell will almost be completely destroyed by lysozyme, the wall-less cell is called.... | A Protoplast |
| A Gram-negative cell wall will not be completely destroyed by lysozyme, what remains is called a..... | Spheroplast |
| The gate-keeper of the cell; most importantly, determines what enters and exits the cell | Plasma Membrane |
| 2 Types of movement across a cell membrane | Passive and Active |
| Substances cross the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with no expenditure of energy | Passive Transport |
| The cell must use ATP to move substances from an area of low concentration to high concentration | Active Transport |
| What are examples of molecules that can cross a cell membrane by simple diffusion? | Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and water |
| Type of passive transport where the substance being transported combines with a plasma membrane protein called a transporter or protease | Facilitated Diffusion |
| Simple diffusion of water | Osmosis |
| In living systems the chief solvent is... | Water |
| The type of solution where the solute concentration outside of the cell equals the solute concentration inside the cell | Isotonic Solution |
| The type of solution where the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than the solute concentration inside of the cell | Hypotonic Solution |
| The expanding or bursting of a cell | Plasmoptysis, Osmotic Lysis |
| The type of solution where the solute concentration outside of the cell is higher than inside the cell | Hypertonic Solution |
| The shrink or collapse of a cell | Plasmolysis |
| Special type of active transport used by prokaryotic cells where the substance being transported gets chemically altered | Group Translocation |
| 3 Things that all prokaryotic cells contain in the cytoplasm | Nuclear Area, Ribosomes, Inclusion Body |
| Describe the composition of the cytoplasm in a prokaryotic cell | 80% water, contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, inorganic ions |
| 3 other names for the nuclear area in a prokaryotic cell | Nuclear Body, Nuclear Region, Nucleoid |
| Function as the site of protein synthesis in the prokaryotic cell | Ribosomes |
| Function as reserve deposits, temporary storage | Inclusion Bodies |
| Certain gram-positive cells, Clostridium & Bacillus, form specialized resting cells called... | Endospores |
| What is the shape of spore forming bacteria? | Rod Shaped |
| The process of spore formation is called... | Sporulation, Sporogenesis |
| Characteristics of an endospore | Thick wall, resistant to physical agents, resistant to most disinfecting agents, form when there is a lack of carbon, nitrogen, or moisture |
| Going from spore state to vegetative state is.... | Germination |
| Going from vegetative state to the spore state is.... | Sporulation, Sporogenesis |
| Self-nourishing bacteria capable of growing in the absence of organic compounds | Autotrophic Bacteria |
| Bacteria that require complex organic food from a carbon source | Heterotropic Bacteria |
| Most pathogenic bacteria are.... | Heterotropic |
| 3 Catagories of Heterotrophic Bacteria | Strict Saprophytes, Strict Parasites, Facultative Bacteria |
| 2 Types of Facultative Bacteria | Facultative Parasites, Facultative Saprophytes |
| Bacteria that survive on dead or decaying matter | Strict Saprophytes |
| Bacteria that are completely dependant on their living host for the nutrients they need to survive | Strict Parasites |
| Bacteria adapted to be able to grow in the presence of dead or decaying matter, but prefer living organic matter | Facultative Saprophytes |
| Bacteria adapted to survive in the presence of living organic matter but prefer dead or decaying matter | Facultative Parasites |
| Name the 5 classifications of bacteria based on their oxygen requirements | Obligate Aerobe Obligare Anaerobe Microaerophilic Organisms Facultative Organisms Aerotolerant Organisms |
| Microorganisms that can only live in the presence of oxygen because they need it to metabolize sugars | Obligate Aerobe |
| Microbes that can only survive in an envirnment devoid of oxygen | Obligate Anaerobes |
| Microorganisms that require little free oxygen (about 2-10%) | Microaerophilic Microorganisms |
| Bacteria adapted to survive in the absence of oxygen but prefers the presence of oxygen | Facultative Anaerobe |
| Bacteria adapted to survive in the presence of oxygen but prefer to live without oxygen | Facultative Aerobe |
| Organisms that can grow in the absence or presence of oxygen | Aerotolerant Organisms |
| Do pathogenic bacteria require fairly high levels of moisture to grow? | Yes |
| How do bacteria obtain most of their nutrients? | From the surrounding water they are in solution in |
| What temperature do pathogenic bacteria grow best at? | Body temperature; 37*C (98.6 *F) |
| Name the 3 broad catagories of bacteria based on their temperature requirements to grow | Psychrophiles Mesophiles Thermophiles |
| Bacteria that prefer moderate temperatures | Mesophiles |
| What is the min & max temperatures for mesophiles? | 25-40*C (77-104*F) |
| Bacteria that prefer cold | Psychrophiles |
| What is the min & max temperatures for psychrophiles? | 0-25*C (32-77*F) |
| Most pathogenic bacteria are classified as ________ | Mesophiles |
| Bacteria that thrive best in high temperatures | Thermophiles |
| What is the min & max temperatures for thermophiles? | 40-70*C (104-158*F) |
| Temperature below which bacterial growth will not take place | Minimum Growth Temperature |
| Temperature above which bacterial growth will not take place | Maximum Growth Temperature |
| Temperature at which organisms grow best | Optimum Growth Temperature |
| What pH range to bacteria grow best in? | Between 6-8, near neutrality |
| In the visible light spectrum, what color is least destructive to bacteria? | Red |
| In the visible light spectrum, what color is most destructive to bacteria? | Violet |
| What light spectrum destroys most bacteria? | Ultraviolet Light |
| The pressure required to prevent the net flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane | Osmotic Pressure |
| Other than water, what is one of the most important requirements for microbial growth? | Carbon |
| 3 Key components of Macromolecules | Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids |
| Nitrogen, sulfur, & phosphorus are also needed by bacteria for the synthesis of... | Proteins, DNA & RNA, ATP (energy) |
| A microorganism that grows best at relatively high carbon dioxide concentrations | Capnophile |
| A visible group of bacteria growing on a culture medium | Bacterial Colony |
| 2 Types of Bacterial Colonies | Mixed-more than one species Pure-only one species |
| A method of asexual reproduction in bacteria in which the parent cell splits into two daughter cells, each develops into a complete identical cell | Binary Fission/Simple Transverse Division |
| The time required for a cell to divide (and its population to double) | Generation Time |
| What is the generation time for most bacterial cells? | 1-3 hours |
Created by:
sbarton
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