Brain Matters Exam 2
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| what is pruning? | greatest loss of neurons during the fetal and newborn development
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| what are the steps of prenatal development? | conception, embryo, zygote, all cells are the same in first two week period, fetus after 8 weeks.
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| what happens 3 weeks after conception? | neural plate starts to fold into neural tube
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| what happens after 4 weeks of conception | primary components of CNS develops
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| what are the different components of the primary CNS? | prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
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| what happens after 5 weeks of conception? | major structures grow
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| what happens after 6-7 weeks of conception? | cerebral cortex blossoms
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| what happens in the 6th week of conception? | secondary CNS formed
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| what are the components of the secondary CNS? | telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
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| what happens between 8-12 weeks of conception? | cortex forms and cortex covers the tube
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| what happens between 16-40 weeks of conception? | sulci and gyri develop
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| what are the three layers of the human embryo? | ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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| when is the brain of an infant deceased? | 26 weeks
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| when does the nervous system develop? | through the embryonic and fetal period
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| when does the heart grow? | early
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| when do the limbs grow? | 4th, 5th, and 6th week
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| what is thalidomide? | European women use it for morning sickness which causes devastating effects on development and causes limbs to not fully develop
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| what is fetal alcohol syndrome? | disorder characterized by mental and physical defects when women drink alcohol during pregnancy
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| what does alcohol do to the brain? | kills neurons, affects embryonic and fetal development, alters tissue growth, miscarriage, risks of neurological and growth defiance, and can cause physical defects
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| what is NTD? | neural tube defect - when neural tube fails to close
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| what is spina bifida? | failure to close in spinal cord
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| how can NTD be detected? | ultrasound exam, elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein
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| What the causes of NTD? | unknown
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| what is the postnatal development? | after birth, growth occurs at head first, travels to abdomen, and walking occurs after birth
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| how long does myelination last? | lasts up to 30 years - lasts the longest
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| what is the brain weight and timing during development? | 1/4 of the original brain weight, male brain is larger than female, weight is stable during adult life span
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| when and what does pruning do? | after 10 years, it refines ability frontal cortex to help make decisions
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| what does the limbic center help with? | moves adolescence in mature decision making
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| what is neural plasticity? | ability of brain to respond
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| what is edward taub and constraint? | induced movement therapy for stroke patients
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| what is the process in which the brain gets from 1-100 billion neurons? | Starts with the plate having neural tissue on it, 18 days after conception and as it folds the tube is complete after day 26 of conception
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| where does the most growth occur? | forebrain
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| after the prosencephalon starts to grow, what happens to it? | divides into the telencephalon
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| what does the diencephalon become? | thalamus and hypothalamus
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| what are the stages for the neuron that occur during the fetal development? | mitosis/proliferation, migration, differentiation, aggregation, synaptogenesis, neuron death, synapse rearrangement, myelination
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| what is mitosis? | cell division that turns into cell multiplication at 250,000/min in ventricular zone
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| what happens to the cells after mitosis? | "daughter" cells become fixed post mitotic
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| what is migration? | neurons migrate on radial glial
extend from ventricular zone
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| what are growth cones and what process to they play a part in? | migration; migration is facilitated by growth cones at the end of the axon that pulls neurons
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| what is differentiation? | neurons become fixed post mitotic and specialized
they develop and process (axons and dendrites)
they develop neurotransmitter- making ability
they develop electrical conduction
they become a neuron type (pyramidal, stellate, granule, purkinje)
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| what is aggregation? | like neurons move together (aggregate) and form layers
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| what is synaptogenesis? | axons with growth cones on end form a synapse with other functions with other neurons or tissue
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| what provide support from the post- synaptic neuron? | optimal senses
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| the secretion of what sustains pre-synaptic neurons? | neurotropic factors
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| what is neuron death? | between 40-75 percent of all neurons born in embryonic and fetal development do not survive
they fail to make optimal synapses
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| what leads to synapse rearrangement? | neuron death
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| what is process that leads up to synapse rearrangement? | release and uptake of neurotropic factors, neurons receiving insufficient neurotropic factor die, axonal processes complete for limited neurotropic factor
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| what is synapse rearrangement? | active synapses likely take up neurotrophic factor that maintains the synapse, inactive synapses get too little tropic factor to remain stable
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| In what two systems does plasticity occur in | Sensory and motor
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| Who is Wilder Penfield | founder of Montreal Neurological institute, helped in understanding of the brain
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| What is the Homunculus | "little man", Wilder Penfield came up with it.
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| The over-representation in the Homunculus occurs where | the Face, hands and mouth
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| most of the frontal cortex is involved with what | Movement
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| the corticospinal tract starts where and ends where | it starts in the cortex and comes down the brain and goes to the spinal cord
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| what is myelination? | putting coating on the axon so they conduct faster
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| how long does myelination continue for? | 30 years
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| what are the five major senses? | touch, smell, taste, hearing, and vision
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| what is olfaction? | smell
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| what is gustation? | taste
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| what is audition? | hearing
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| what are proximal senses? | impinges directly on receptor
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| what are the proximal senses? | touch, taste, and smell
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| what are distal senses? | generated from remote source
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| what are the distal senses and when do they develop? | audition (sound waves) and vision (light); develop later
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| what the features of sensory systems? | receptors, sensory relays, synapses in nuclei, synapses in thalamus, projection to primary cortical, projections to secondary cortical
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| what is the first step in the sensory system? | receptor
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| what does the receptor do? | translates environmental input to the brain
-has rods and cones for vision that is located in the back of the retina
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| what two structures modulate movements | Cerebellum and basal ganglia
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| What are the cerebellum and basal ganglia also involved in besides modulating movement | involved in some forms of learning
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| the basal ganglia are essential for what? | Procedural learning and memory
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| exercise increase what factor. | it increases the brain derived neurotrophic factor
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| Neurotrophic factor does what | it feeds optimal synapse
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| Dopamine has a main role in what | Movement
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| Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter in what | the Basal Ganglia
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| What is Parkinson's Disease | a major loss of substantia nigra neurons
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| Treatment for Parkinson's disease | L-dopa
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| what is semantic memory from | knowledge base
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| what is Episodic memory | Knowledge about a personal experience
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| what is the second step in the sensory system? | sensory relays
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| what do the sensory relays do? | carry sensory information to the brain through neural pathways (axons)
receptors send action potentials
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| what is the third step in the sensory system? | synapses in nuclei
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| what is the process of the synapse in the nuclei? | moves along sensory pathway
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| what is the fourth step in the sensory system? | synapse in thalmaus
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| what is the exception in the synapse of the thalamus? | smell - olfaction
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| what is the fifth step in the sensory system? | projection to primary cortical
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| what is the step which includes the projection to primary cortical? | area, vision in the occipital
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| what is the last step in the sensory system? | projection to secondary cortical
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| what is projection to secondary cortical? | areas and association areas
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| what must the nervous system translate into action potentials? | the environment
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| what is transduction? | sensory receptors carry out the translation of the environment into action potentials
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| what do touch receptors transduce? | mechanical force into action potentials
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| what does the ear transduce? | sound waves into action potentials
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| what is the earliest developing sense? | touch
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| what are the chemical senses and when do they develop? | taste and smell; they develop prenatally
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| What is Long Term potentiation | occurs when you stimulate two neurons leads to an increase in signal transmission between the neurons that last for hours or even days
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| What did HM have to help him with epilepsy | Bilateral Medial temporal lobe removal
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| From HM we learned that memory is a what | Memory is a process and it happens in the hippocampus
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| What are the two forms of memory we learned from HM | Declarative and Nondeclarative
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| what is the human olfactory epithelium? | located on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
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| what does the olfactory epithelium? | respond to chemical molecules called odorants
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| what are chemo-receptors? | receptors for smell
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| What is Declarative memory | its things you know that you can tell others
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| What is nondeclarative memory | things you know that you can show by doing
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| Can HM form new episodic memories | Almost no but his semantic memory is intact from his childhood and adolescence
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| What time period can HM remembered | his Childhood and his adolescence
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| What is Retrograde Amnesia | Cannot remember events prior to brain damage
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| Anterograde Amnesia | Cannont remember events that occur after brain damage
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| What is hippocampal Processing Circuit | Input which comes in from hippocampus from the entohinal cortex to dentate gyrus
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| What did Bliss and LOMO do? | They figured out the LTP of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path.
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| what are structural changes associated with LTP in the hippocampus | new dendritic spines can be observed to appear after almost one hour after a stimuls that includes LTP
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| What is Korsakoff's Syndrome | Neurological brain disorder causes by the lack of thiamine in the brain – consequence of alcoholism
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| What are some symptoms of Korsakoff's Syndrome | Anterograde and Retrograde amnesia
severe memory loss
lack of insight
apathy
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| What is dementia | LOSING OF THE MIND; cognitive function is declined
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| Who was the first person with Alzheimer's | Aguste D in 1906
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| what happens to the brain as a result of Alzheimer's | ventricles become large due to loss of neurons
Big sulci due to loss of tissue
Acetylocholine Neurotransmission vastly diminsihes
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| What two systems contribute to emotions | THE PNS and the CNS
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| what are substrates of emotion in the nervous systems | ANS
Hypothalamus
Amgydala
Thalamus
Cingulate Cortex
Temporal poles
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| What system is involved in voluntary emotion | Corticospinal system
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| where does the olfactory bulb develop? | as an outgrowth from the telencephalon
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| what are the primary and secondary cortical sensory areas? | somatosensory and motor strip
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| what does the somatosensory cortical sensory area include? | post central gyrus
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| what does the motor strip sensory area include? | primary motor cortex
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| which receptor is complex? | auditory
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| the hairs cells on basilar memnbrane in cochlea are organized by what? | frequency
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| what are the visual system's mapping of the environment? | colors show how the different sectors of the visual fields map on to the retina and primary visual cortex
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| what is the retina? | the receptor of the visual system
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| what did hebb and penfield both contribute to? | our understanding of the brain and movement
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| hebb ____? | hebb synapse
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| penfield _____? | homunuculus
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| what is the hebbian synapse? | When you have post-synaptic neuron that is fired by pre-synaptic, other pre-synaptic fail to depolarize and cause an action potential. Those that do have action potential are stronger, will survive.
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| what is one structure of the limbic system? | amygdala
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| what does the telencephalon bulge into? | cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
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| what does the metencephalon turn into? | cerebellum and pons
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| what does the myelencephalon turn into? | medulla
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| what is neurotrophin? | chemical that attracts axons to it to help guide migration once the synapse is made
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| where does the pathway for audition go? | up cranial auditory nerve and ends up in superior temporal lobe
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