Carter & Veale 8-10
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| first version of DICOM was created when? | 1985
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| three fundamental parts of PACS | image acquisition
Display workstations
Archive Sensors
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| reading images on the computer without hardcopy films | softcopy reporting
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| any computer used to view a digital image | workstation
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| most interactive part of a PACS | workstation
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| used inside and outside of the radiology department | workstation
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| file room of the PACS | archive servers
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| central part of PACS | archive server
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| may also serve as the central node that receives all images before interpretation | archive server
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| how a process is done step by step or how a task is completed | work flow
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| hardware of the software infrastructure of the systems workflow | system architecture
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| PACS system architecture normally consists of: | acquisition devices
storage display workstations
image management system
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| images sent directly to the server after acquisition and centrally located | client/server based systems
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| displays workstation function as a client of the archive server and accesses images based on a centralized worklist | client/server based systems
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| advantages of a client/server based system | any exam sent to PACS, Only 1 can read, no need to pull or send historical images
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| disadvantages of client/server based system | archive server single point of failure, archive down- entire system down, new images must remain at modality until archive is up and can receive, system network independent, network bogged down
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| acquisition modalities send images to designated reading station and possibly to review stations. Images stored locally & sent to archive after being read. | distributed systems (standalone systems)
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| advantages of distributed system | archive can go down with no impact on workstation, after archive comes up images auto update, PACS less likely to be lost, system less dependent on network for speed
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| disadvantages of distributed systems | personnel rely on system to perform image distribution correctly, each workstation has different worklist, rad have to move to another workstation to read, possible for 2 rad to be reading same image, paper important
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| similar to client/server system except images are held centrally and application software loads to the lient display. | web-based system
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| advantages of web based system | hardware is anything that will support web browser, greater flexibility with hardware, can be on site or teleradiology
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| disadvantages of web based system | system limited because no locally installed hardware, monitor may not be of diagnostic quality, bandwidth limiting, some programs to large to transmit across network
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| consists of a monitor, computer, mouse, and keyboard | display workstation
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| has the highest resolution monitors | radiologists
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| has the second best resolution monitors | physicians
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| has the third best monitors, used to review images after requisition but before completion | technologists
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| has the poorest quality monitors, used to look up exam and print copies | file room/image management stations
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| common navigation functions | navigation, handing protocols, study navigation
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| common image manipulation and enhancement functions | window/level, annotations, flip and rotate, pan, zoom & magnify, measurements
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| historical collection of images stored in PACS | archive
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| contains master database of everything in archive. Controls receipt, retrieval, & distribution of images it stores. controls all DICOM processes, interfaces with HIS & RIS | Image manager / controller
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| 2 components of PACS archive | Image manager/controller
Image storage/sever or archive server
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| consists of physical storage device of the archive system; it commonly consists of 2 or 3 tiers of storage | Image storage/sever or archive server
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| archive considerations | system need, cost, compatibility, alternatives
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| device the scans hard copy x-ray images and converts them to digital images | film digitizer
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| 2 types of film digitizers | laser film digitizers & CCD
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| uses helium neon laser beam to convert analog film image into digital image | laser film digitizers
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| uses fluorescent bulbs that shine through the film and CD array that detects the light and transforms into electrical signal & ADC turns into digital image | CCD film digitizer
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| uses for digitizers | teleradiology, comparing outside or old films, film duplication, computer aided diagnosis (CAD)
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| ways to output copies of films | wet (chemical) laser images
dry laser images (use heat)
CD/DVD burner
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| what does the archive server consist of in PACS? | database server, or image manager
short term & long term storage
workflow manager
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| in which system architecture is it possible for two radiologists to be reading the images at the same time and be unaware of the other | Distributed System
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| what system architecture stores the images AND application software centrally | web based system
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| one of the greatest advantages of PACS | ability to view same set of images in multiple locations at one time
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