ch 3,4,5
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| The cell | is the fundamental unit of any living organism because it exhibits the basic characteristics of life.
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| The two catagories of cells: | Eucaryotic(more complex) and procaryotic
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| Procaryotic microbes: | Bacteria and archaea (Cellular)
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| Eucaryotes | algae, protozoa, fungi (Cellular) plant, animals, and humans.
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| Microbes not composed of cells | viruses, prions, viroids
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| Viruses | acellular: not living
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| Cellular | procaryotes (archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria)
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| Acellular (energy from host) | viroids, prions, viruses
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| Eurotic cells contain a ________ nucleus. | "true"
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| procaryotic cells | do not have a true nucleus
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| a true nucleus consists of: | nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and nuclear membrane.
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| Eucaryotic cells possess: | a complex system of membranes and membrane bound organelles
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| Procaryotic cells | do not possess a complex of membranes and membrane bound organelles
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| eucaryotic and procaryotic cells possess | a cell membrane: selectiv permeability, allowing certain substances to pass through them.
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| Eucaryotic nucleus | "command center" 3 components: nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and nuclear membrane.
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| Chromosomes are embedded in: | the nucleopasm
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| eucaryotic chromosomes consist of: | linear DNA molecules and proteins
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| Genes are located | along chromosomes.
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| An organism's complete collection of genes are referred to as its | genotype or genome (beads on a string)
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| each gene contains | information to produce one or moree gene products (usually protein)
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| A semi-fluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix. Contains storage granules and a variety of organelles.Each organelle has a specific function. Is where most metobalic reactions occur | Cytoplasm
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| ER | highly convoluted system of membranes, transport network,in the cytoplasm
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| rough ER | has ribosomes attatched
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| smooth ER | does not have ribosomes attatched to it
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| Ribosomes | 18-20nm in diameter, consist of ribosomal RNA protein, site of protein synthesis, 30-70 bind then produce protein
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| Plants, Algae, Fungi, and most bacteria | have a cell wall
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| animal, protozoa, and mycoplasma species | do not have a cell wall
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| Gram- Neg cell wall | LPS above surface,(phospholipid, outer membrane, protein)
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| Acellular | Not composed of cells; Viroids prions; viruses
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| Viruses | have a protein coat called capsid, 10-300nm diameter, complete particles are called virions.
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| Infect humans, animals, plants, fungi protozoa, algae, and bacteria cell. | viruses
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| Some viruses cause certain cancers | oncogenic or oncoviruses
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| cause of AIDS; enveloped, single strand of RNA viruses primary targets are CD4and cells | HIV
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| Prions | acellular; small infectious proteins that cause neurological disease such as mad cow. most resistant to disinfectants. mystery
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| Viroids | are infectious RNA molecules that cause a variety of plant disease (potaoe spindle tuber, citrus exocortis)
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| Microbial Classification by whitticure in 1969 | 5-Kingdom System of classification; Grouped into large group based on simularities and diffrences. (most widely used)
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| Bacteria and archaea Microbial classification | Kingdom Procaryotae
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| Algae and protozoa Microbial classifcation | Kingdom Protista
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| Fungi Microbial classification | Kingdom Fungi
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| Plants Microbial classification | Kindom Plantae
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| Animals Microbial classification | Kingdom animalia
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| Microbial Classification by carl woosey 1970's | 3 domain system of class: based on differences in structure of ribosomal RNA molecules among organisms.
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| 3 Domain syatem of classifications | Archaea (procaryotic) acient bacteria, Bacteria (procaryotic), Eucarya (all eucarotic organisms)
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| Virulent bacteriophage; attatchment,penetration, uncoating viral nucleic acid escapes from capsid, biosynthesis,assembley to create complete virions, release complete virions | lytic cycle
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| class & ID: cell morphology, stain reaction, motility, colony morphology,atmospheric req, nutritional req,enzymes produced, pathogenicity, genetic composition | Domain Bacteria Characteristics
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| Domain bacteria characteristics | 3 major phenotypic catagories: gram-neg(cell wall), gram-pos (cell wall), those that lackcell wall (mycoplasmic)
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| acellular antibiotics are not effective against viral infections, drugs that are used, interfere w/ virus-specific enzymes and production by disrupting phases in viral multiplication/ inhibiting synthesis of viral RNA/DNA or protein | antiviral agents
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| escape from their host cells either by lysis of the cell or budding. | animal viruses
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| escape by budding | become envelope viruses
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| penetration of host cell by non-enveloped virus via endocytosis. Penetration by an enveloped virus | summary of lytic process
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| phages, virus that infect bacteria, 2 catagories: virulent and temperate. | bacteriophages
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| always cause lytic cycle which end with destruction of the cell | virulent
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| attatchment,penetration, biosynthesis, assembly, released | 5 steps of the Lytic Cycle
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| bacteria that recycle nutrients, produce antibiotic, and preserve food. Very few are harmful or cause disease. 1000nm | Procaryote
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| cellular, selective permability: archaea,bacteria, and cyanobacteria. Do not have true nucleus, do have cell membrane | procaryotes
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| Peritrichous bacteria | procaryotic and have flagella over entire surface
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| lophotrichous bacteria | flagella at one end like an octopus
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| amphitrichous bacteria | have one flagella at each end
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| monotrichous bacteria | flagella at one end
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| 2 donor 1 recipient, hair-like seen by gram-neg, made of polymerized protein called pillin, not associated with motility, anchor. | pili: a.k.a fimbrae
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| 4 layers: Teichoric acids (top of lipoteichoic), peptidoglycan contains lipoteichoic acids, cell membrane contains protein, and cyto plasm | gram-positive cell wall
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| reproduce by binary fission:cell spilts into 2 daughter cells but before chromosomesa must duplicate. | procaryotic cell reproduction
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| Time it takes binary fission | generation time: varies depends on growth condition. E. coli about 20 min. but most bacteria 20-24hrs depending on enviroment.
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| 3 basic (based on shape): cocci(round), Bacilli (rod-shape), curved/ spiral | bacterial cell morphology
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| Cocci | diplcocci-1 or2, Strepto-chain, staph-clusters,tetrads-4pack, octads 8 pack
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| taxonomy established based on the binomial system of nomenclature. | Microbial classification.
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| each given 2 names: genus and specific epithet. both constitute species. | binomial system
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| Glycocalyx(slime layers and capsules;some bacteria posses. Is a slimy, gelatinous material made by cell membrane and secrete out side cell wall. | Procaryotic cell structure
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| 2 types:loosly connected to cell wall highly organized and a firm connection. | Glycocalyx
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| Pseudmonas produce slime layers, K.pneumonia,N.meningitidis, and S.pneumoniae posses capsule(serves as antiphagocytic function | Glycocalx (of the procaryotic cell structure)
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| motile bacteria; whiplike,threads of protein, protein is flagellin. # and arrangement are characteristic of a particular sp. | Flagella of the procaryotic cell
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| sequence for taxa | Kingdom, division,class,order, family,genus, species.KDCOFGS
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| air dry, heat fix,hold over boiling water, apply malachite green over smear,let steam for 1min, rinse w/ distilled water(rinses stain out of vegative cells), apply safranin for 30 sec | spore stain procedure
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| procaryotic, few genera(bacillus and clostridum)capable of forming thick-wall for survival, sporulation/ no rep,survive many yrs, resistant to heat, chemicals, cold and drying. | Spore (endospore)
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| eucaryotic cell that does not have cell wall | animal cell
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| have a simple cell wall | plant cell
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| do not contain true nucleus, do not have membrane bound organelles. They do have cell membrane that encloses cytoplasm | procaryotic cells
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| are dormant and surround DNA and allow resist to chem, heat and drying. composed of exosporium, spore coat, cortex,core(sporeproplast)- core wall, cytoplasm,nucleoid,ribosomes | endospores
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| DNA duplicate, seperate into sporangium and forespore,sporangium engulf forespore then produce spore layer around forespore,cortex and outer coat layer divide, last a completely formed mature spore | endospore formation
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| sporulation | nutrition depletion(maj stimulus),once depleted it is comitted to forming endospore and is now called sporulationg cell(sporagium) takes 6-10 hrs
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| Why are endospores heat resistant? | presence of dipicolinic acid combined with calcium ions; which help dehydrate endospore. Also core contains small proteins that help protect DNA from drying and damage.
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| How do you destroy a endospore? | temp @ least 112'C(autoclave) because they are resistant to drying, uv light, strong acids and bases
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| to break dormancy of the endospore good condition for growth of cell is a must. Has to be a specific chemcal/ enviromental stimulus(amino acids/inorganic salt) along w/ inorganic salt. with water. | germination of endospore
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| enzymes produced that degrade cortex and expose core to water, calcium dipicolinate is lost, core rehydrates, cell grows out of endospore coats. takes 1 1/2 hrs | germination
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| Clostridium sp. are | anaerobes
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| Bacillus sp are | aerobes
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| based on shape cocci, bacilli, curved/spiral | bacteria
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| cocci in pairs ex: N. gonorrhoeae, disease; Gonorrhea | Diplococci arrangement
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| chains, streptoccus pyogenes (strept throat) | streptococci
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| cluster, staphylococcus aureus, boils | staphylococci
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| packet of four, micrococcus, rarley pathogenic | tetrad
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| packet of eight, sarcina ventriculi, rarely pathogenic | octad
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| Rods;long filaments/ branched, 1x3nm. when extremely short called coccobacilli. Med: bacilli Escherichia, Klebsiella, and proteus spp. Pseudomonas, Haemophilus and bacillus. | bacilli
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| curved: vibrio,campylobacter, and helicobacter spp. spiral: treponema and borrelia spp. | Curved and spiral shaped bacteria.
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| 1.simple stains 2.structural staining procedure(a. capsule stain, spore stain, flagella stain) 3. differential stain (a. gram pos b.gram neg c. acid fast) | staining bacteria
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| serves to kill organisma, preserve morphology, and anchors smear. 2 most common:1.heat, not standard willdistort bacteria morphology 2. methonal, standardized technique (preffered) | fixation
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| smear loop,air dry,drip methonal to fix, flood w/ stain, rinse w/ water, and examine w/oil immerson @x100 | simple stain
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| Stain blue - purple have thick layer of peptigodlycan more complex | Gram-positive
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| Stains pink-red thin layer of peptidoglycan | Gram negitave
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| known as gram variable, mycobacterium spp. uses carbol fuchsin( red dye driven through cell wall) heat used to soften waxes in cell wall | acid fast stain
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| which eucaryotic organisms are photosynthetic? | classification of algae
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| consist of cytoplasm, cell wall(usually), cell mem,nucleus,plastids,ribosomes, motichondria, and gogli bodies. Some have pellicle, a stigma and/or flgella? (most cell walls contain cellous) | characteristics of algae
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| Range in size from unicellular(diatoms),to large, multicellular(seaweeds or kelp) | algae
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| how do algae produce energy? | photosynthesis, some use organic matter.
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| algae can be arranged in colonies or strands and can be found in: | fresh water,salt water, wet soil, or on wet rocks
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| diatoms,diboflge |
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| able to swim, associated with flagella; less often with axial filaments | bacteria motility
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| seen by stabbing into tube of semisolid medium or by hanging drop technique | motility of bacteria
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| generally are not motile, 50% | spiral shaped and cocci
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| millions of organisms, apperance varies, size color shape, elevation, edge or margin of the colony, enzymatic activity on varius media. | colony of morphology
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| What is the formation of bacterial growth? | single cell 0hrs one cell, 4hr 256 cells, 8hrs 65000 cells, visible colony 12 hrs at 17000000 cells
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| atmosheric requirements are | classified by relationship to O2 and CO2
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| Classifications of bacteria isolates for O2 | obligate aerobes, microphilic aerobes, faculative anaerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes, and obligate anaerobes.
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| Organisma that grow best in higher concentrations of CO2(5-10%) | canophilic
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| What are the nutritional requiremnts for Domain bacteria? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen sulfur, phosphate and nitrogen for growth. Some special elements like calcium, iron and zinc. Fastidous bacteria is said to be demanding of nutrients
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| What is the pathogenicity of Domain Bacteria? | many are able to cause disease, because they posses capsules, pili, or endotoxins. Because the secrete exotoxins and exoenzymes they damage cells and tissues. tested by inoculation (Neisseria men)
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| What is the genetic composistion of domain bacteria? |
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| What are unique bacteria? (do not grow in artificial media) | Rickettsias, chlamydias, mycoplasmas (bacteria) but do not posses all organisms as a typical bacteria cell. Rickasettes and chlamidia have gram-neg type and are obligate intracellular Rickasettes has a leaky membrane and chlamidiais an energy parasite
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| obligate intercellular | means the bacteria must live in a host to survive.
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| mycoplasmas | smallest of cellular microbes, lack cell wall (many diff shapes) pleomorphio. in humans cause atypical pneumonia, genitourinary inf., resistant to penicillian, "fried egg"
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| Photosynthic bacteria | purple, green, cyano; purple and green do not produce oxygen/ cyan do. produces oxygen then is said to be oxygenic, and if not it is called anogenic
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| archae | disc 1977 procaryotic, related more to eucaryotes than bacteria, widely in shape, some live in extreme enviroment, posses cell walls but they do not contain peptidoglycan
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| taxonomy | science of classification, classification, nomenclature and ID/#. Taxa: KDCOFGS
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| acid fast mycobacteria | carbol fuchsin (bright red dye) drivin into the cell
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