RAD141-Chap 1A - General Anatomy & Arthrology
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| What is the structural hierarchy from smallest to largest? | chemical level (atoms, molecules), cells, tissues, tissues, organs, system, organism
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| What are the 4 types of tissues? | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
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| What are organs? | various tissues joined to perform a specific function (ex: kidneys, heart, liver, etc)
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| What is a system? How many human systems are there? | a group or an association of organs that have a similar or common function; there are 10 individual body systems
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| What are the body systems? | skeletal, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, nervous, muscular, endocrine, and integumentary
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| How many bones in the skeletal system? What are the studies of bones and joints called? | 206 separate bones; study of bones -> osteology; study of joints -> arthrology
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| What are the 2 main components of the circulatory system? | the cardiovascular organs (heart, blod, blood vessels) and the lymphatic system (lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph glands, and spleen)
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| What are the 3 types of muscle tissue | skeletal, visceral, and cardiac
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| What is the locomotor system? | the muscular and skeletal systems combined
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| How is the adult human skeleton divided? | into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
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| What does the axial skeleton consist of? | the skull, hyoid, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, and thorax (sternum and ribs) - 80 bones
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| What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? | all bones of the uper and lower limbs, and the shoulder and pelvic girdles - 126 separate bones; includes 2 sesamoid bones at the knee (patellae)
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| What are sesamoid bones? Where are they most commonly found? | small, oval-shaped bone found in the tendons (mostly near joints); only patellae (largest sesamoid bones) are counted in normal skeleton; the posterior foot at the base of the first toe, in tendons near palmar surface of hand (at base of thumb)
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| What are the 4 classifications of bones? | long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
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| Where are long bones found? What are they comprised of? | only found in the appendicular skeleton; consist of a body & 2 ends (or extremities)
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| What is the composition of a long bone? | outer shell -> compact bone (cortex), body (shaft) contains a thicker layer of compact bone than the ends; inside -> spongy (cancellous) bone (contains red bone marrow); boyd is hollow - medullary cavity (fatty yellow marrow); periosteum covers bone
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| What covers the bone at the articulating surfaces? | hyaline cartilage (aka gristle); the covering over ends of bones is called articular cartilage
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| What is the function of the periosteum? | it is essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition; blood vessels pass from the periosteum to the bone
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| How are nutrients delivered to long bones? | a nutrient artery passes obliquely thru the compact bone via a nutrient foramen into the medullary cavity; these are near the center of the body of long bones
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| What are short bones and where are they found? | short bones are roughly cuboidal and are only found in the wrists and ankles; consist mainly of cancellous tissue with a thin outer covering of compact bone; the short bones are: 8 carpal bones in each wrist; 7 tarsal bones in each foot
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| What are flat bones? Where are they found? | consist of 2 plates of compact bone w/cancellous bone & marrow between them; examples include bones making up the calvarium (skull cap), sternum, ribs, and scapulae
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| What is the diploe? | the narrow space between the inner and outer table of flat bones in the cranium
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| What is the function of flat bones? | provide protection for interior contents and broad surfaces for muscle attachment
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| What are irregular bones? What are some examples? | bones that have peculiar shapes; vertebrae, facial bones, bones of the base of the cranium, and bones of the pelvis
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| Where are RBCs produced? | in adults, by the red bone marrow of certain flat and irregular bones, such as the sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvis, as well as the ends of the long bones
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| What are the 3 functional classes of joints? | synarthrosis - immovable; amphiarthrosis - limited movement; diarthrosis - freely moveable
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| What are the 3 classifications of joints bases on tissue type and subclasses of each? | fibrous joints -> syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis; cartilaginous -> symphysis, synchondrosis; synovial
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| What are fibrous joints? | lack a joint cavity; adjoining bones, nearly in direct contact w/each other, held together by fibrous connective tissue
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| What is a syndesmoses joint? | only one is the distal tibiofibular joint (held together by the interosseous ligament); is is amphiarthrodial
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| What are sutures? | found between bones in the skull; make contact w/one another along interlocking or serrated edges, held together by layer of fibrous tissue or ligaments; in adults are synarthrodial
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| What are gomphoses? | a conical process is inserted into a socketlike portion of bone; only occurs between the roots of the teeth and the alveoli of the mandible and maxillae; amphiarthrodial
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| What are cartilaginous joints? | lack a joint cavity and are held tightly together by cartilage; allow little or no movement; subclasses bases on type of cartilage -> symphyses or synchondroses
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| What are symphysis joints? | have presence of a broad, flattened disk of fibrocartilage between 2 contiguous bony surfaces, forming relatively thick pads, capable of compression or displacement, making them amphiarthrodial; examples are the intervetebral disks & the symphysis pubis
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| What are synchondrosis joints? | temporary form of joint wherein the connecting hyaline cartilage is converted into bone at adulthood; synarthrodial; examples are the epiphyseal plates between epiphyses & diaphyses of long bones & at the acetabullum (hip joint)
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| What are synovial joints? | freely moveable joints, mostly of the upper & lower limbs, characterized by a fibrous capsule containing synovial fluid; diarthrodial (except for the sacroiliac joints -> amphiarthrodial)
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| What do the exposed ends of bones in synovial joints contain? | thin protective coverings of hyaline articular cartilage; the joint cavity, which contains a viscous lubricating synovial fluid, is enclosed & surrounded by a fibrous capsule, reinforced by accessory ligaments, limiting motion in undesirable directions
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| What are the 6 types of movement in synovial joints? | plane (gliding), ginglymus (hinge), trochoid (pivot), ellipsoid (condyloid), sellar (saddle), spheroid (ball & socket) (Paul Goes To Every Single Session)
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| What motion do plane joints make? What are some examples? | plane joints make a gliding or sliding moition; ex: intermetacarpal, carpometacarpal, and intercarpal joints of the hand and wrist; also, right and left lateral atlantoaxial joints
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| What type of motion are ginglymus joints capable of? What are examples? | hinge joints permit flexion and extension only; articular fibrous capsule is thin on bending surfaces, but strong collateral ligaments secure bones at lateral margins; ex: interphalangeal joints, knee, elbow, ankle
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| What type of movement do trochoid joints exhibit? What are some examples? | pivot joints are formed by a bony, pivotlike process, surrounded by a ring of ligaments and/or bny structure -> allows rotational movements around a single axis; ex: proximal & distal radioulnar joints, joint between 1st & 2nd cervical vertebrae
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| What type of movement do ellipsoid joints allow? What are examples? | condyloid joint moves primarily in 1 plane, w/a slight degree of rotation at an axis at right angles to primary plane of movement->flexion/extension & abduction/adduction -> circumduction; ex: 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal, wrist, metatarsophalangeal joints
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| What type of movement do sellar joints allow? What are examples? | in saddle joints the end of the bones are shaped concave-conves and positioned opposite to each other; same movement as ellipsoid joints -> flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction; best example is the 1st carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
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| What type of movement do spheroid joints allow? What are examples? | distal bone of ball & socket joints are capable of motion around an almost indefinite # of axes, w/1 common center; depth of hip socket is greater -> more limited movement, but more stability; shoulder joint is less deep, greater movement, less stability
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| Describe a gliding joint | have flat or slightly curved articular surfaces that slide over each other during movement; ex: carpal and tarsal joints, joints between the articular processes of the vertebrae
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| Describe a hinge joint: | have a pully-shaped surface fitting a concave surface to allow an angular motion similar to a hinge; ex: elbow, interphalangeal joints
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| Describe a condylar joint: | have a condyle fitting into a concave surface, allowing flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction; ex: metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints
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| Describe a saddle joint: | the adjacent bone ends are shaped like a western saddle: convex in one direction, concave in the other; allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, & circumduction; ex: 1st carpometacarpal joints
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| Describe a pivot joint: | a rounded bone end is encircled by a ring of cartilage or bone so that there is rotation or turning on one axis; ex: 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae
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| Describe a ball and socket joint: | have a globelike head fitting into a cut-shaped cavity; ex: shoulder and hip joints
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