Sociology chapter 9
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| Absolute poverty | A standard of poverty based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to live
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| Achieved status | A social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
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| Ascribed status | A social position “assigned” to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics
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| Bourgeoisie | Karl Marx’s term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production.
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| Capitalism | : An economic system in which the means of production are largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits.
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| Castes | Hereditary systems of rank, usually religiously dictated, that tend to be fixed and immobile.
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| Class | A group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income.
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| Class consciousness | In Karl Marx’s view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change.
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| Class system | A social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristic can influence social mobility
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| Closed system | A social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual mobility.
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| Colonialism | The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period of time
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| Dependency theory | An approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain
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| Dominant ideology | A set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
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| Esteem | The reputation that a particular individual has earned within an occupation.
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| False consciousness | A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position
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| Globalization | The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas
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| Horizontal mobility | the movement of an individual from one social position ot another of the same rank.
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| . Income | Salaries and wages.
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| Intergenerational mobility | Changes in the social position of children relative to their parents.
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| Intragenerational mobility | Changes in a person’s social position within his or her adult life.
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| Life chances | People’s opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences
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| Modernization | The far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies.
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| Modernization theory | A functionalist approach that proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in peripheral nations.
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| Multinational corporations | Commercial organizations that, while headquartered in one country, own or control other corporations and subsidiaries throughout the world
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| Neocolonialism | Continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries
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| Objective method | A technique for measuring social class that assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence.
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| Open system | A social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status.
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| . Power | The ability to exercise one’s will over others.
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| Prestige | The respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society.
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| Proletariat | Karl Marx’s term for the working class in a capitalist society.
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| Relative poverty | A floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole.
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| Slavery | A system of enforced servitude in which people are legally owned by others and in which enslaved status is transferred from parents to children
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| Social inequality | A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power.
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| Social mobility | : Movement of individuals or groups from one position of a society’s stratification system to another.
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| Status group | : People who have the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class positions.
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| Stratification | A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society.
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| Underclass | Long-term poor people who lack training and skills.
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| Vertical mobility | The movement of a person from one social position to another of a different rank.
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| . Wealth | An inclusive term encompassing all of a person’s material assets, including land and other types of property.
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| World systems analysis | A view of the global economic system as divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited.
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