AP Language and Composition Terms
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| Alliteration | The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words
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| Allusion | A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known. May be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.
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| Ambiguity | The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, or a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
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| Analogy | A similarity or comparison between two things or the relationship between them
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| Antecedent | The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun
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| Antithesis | The opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite
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| Aphorism | A statement (of known authorship) which expresses a general truth or a moral principle
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| Apostrophe | A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love
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| Atmosphere | The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice or objects that are described
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| Caricature | A verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's features
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| Clause | A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb
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| Colloquial | The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing
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| Conceit | A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects
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| Connotation | The non-literal, associative meaning of a word
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| Denotation | The strict, literal definition of a word
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| Diction | Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices
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| Didactic | Intended or inclined to teach, preach, or instruct, often excessively.
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| Euphemism | More agreeable/less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept
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| Extended Metaphor | A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work
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| Figurative Language | Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid
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| Figure of Speech | A device used to produce figurative language (Apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synedoche, understatement)
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| Generic Conventions | Describes traditions for each genre; help define each genre
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| Genre | The major category into which a literary work fits. Basic divisions: prose, poetry, drama
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| Homily | "Sermon"; In can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice
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| Hyperbole | A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement
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| Imagery | The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions
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| Inference | To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented
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| Invective | An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language
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| Verbal Irony | When words literally state to opposite of the writer's meaning
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| Situational Irony | When events turn out the opposite of what was expected
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| Dramatic Irony | When facts or events are unknown to a character but known to the audience or other characters
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| Litotes | A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite
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| Metaphor | A figure of speech using implies comparison of seemingly unlike things; or the substitution of one for the other
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| Metonymy | A figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it
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| Mood | The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura or a work
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| Narrative | The telling of a story or an account or an event
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| Onomatopoeia | Buzz, howl
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| Oxymoron | Jumbo shrimp, holy war
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| Paradox | A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth
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| Parallelism | Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. Also called parallel structure.
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| Anaphora | A sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition or words or phrases at the beginning or successive lines or sentences (I Have a Dream Speech)
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| Parody | Weird Al
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| Pedantic | An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish
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| Personification | A figure or speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions
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| Point of View | The perspective from which a story is told
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| Prose | One of the major divisions of genre, refers to fiction and nonfiction
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| Repetition | The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language
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| Rhetoric | Describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively
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| Rhetorical Modes | Describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing: exposition, argumentation, description, narration
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| Exposition | To explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion
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| Argumentation | To prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting
sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader
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| Description | To recreate, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described
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| Narration | To tell a story or narrate an event or series of events
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| Sarcasm | Involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something; may use irony
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| Satire | A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule
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| Semantics | The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another
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| Style | An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices
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| Subject Compliment | The word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence
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| Syllogism | A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
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| Symbolism | Anything (usually something concrete such as an object, action, character, or scene) that represents itself and also stands for something more abstract
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| Synecdoche | A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole, or the whole for a part.
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| Synesthesia | When one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another
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| Syntax | The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences
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| Theme | The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life
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| Thesis | The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author’s opinion, purpose, meaning, or position
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| Tone | The author’s attitude toward his material, the audience, or both
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| Transition | A word or phrase that links different idea
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| Understatement | Presents something as less significant than it is
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| Wit | Intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights
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| Allegory | The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.
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