Chemical Compositions of the Body
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| What is the smallest units of the chemical elements | Atoms
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| What 3 things are atoms composed of? | Protons, neutrons, and electrons
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| What 2 things are found in the nucleus of an atom? | Protons and neutrons
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| The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom is called what? | Atomic mass
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| The nuber of protons in an atom refers to what? | Atomic number
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| What type of electrons are found in the outermost shell and participate in chemical reactions and form bonds? | Valence electrons
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| Does the electrons in the more distant shells have a higher or lower energy? | Higher
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| The number of shells in an atom depends on what? | Atomic number
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| In isotopes the atomic mass is different because they contain different numbers of what? | Neutrons
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| What are considered different forms of the same atom? | Isotopes
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| In isotopes, what number is the same? | Atomic number(protons)
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| Water is an example of what type of covalent bond? | Polar
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| What type of bond occur when atoms share valence electrons? | Covalent
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| In what type of covalent bond are electrons shared equally? | Nonpolar
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| In what type of covalent bond are electrons shared unequally? | Polar
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| What type of bond occurs when valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another? | Ionic
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| Atom that loses electrons becomes what? | cation (+ charged)
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| Atom that gain electrons become what? | anion (- charged)
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| How are ionic bonds formed? | Attraction of + and - charged
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| What bonds are weaker, ionic bonds or polar covalent bonds? | Ionic bonds
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| Molecules that are soluble in water are called what? | Hydrophilic
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| What are 2 example of hydrophilic mollecules? | Glucose and amino acids
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| Molecules that are nonpolar and cannot form hydration spheres are refered to as what? | Hydrophobic
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| Molecules are formed through interaction of ___________ _________between two or more atoms. | Valence electrons
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| What is formed through interaction of the valence electronsof two or more atoms? | Molecules
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| What is the result when atoms share their valence electrons? | Covalent bonds
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| What results when one or more valence electron from one atom are completely transferred to a second atom? | Ionic bonds
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| Atoms or molecules that have a negative or positive charges are called what? | Ion
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| Positively charged ions are called what? | Cations
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| Negatively charged ions are called what? | anions
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| What are 3 types of Carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides, disaccharide, and polysaccharide
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| What are the 3 monosaccharides? | Fructose, glucose and galactose
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| What are the 3 disaccharides? | Sucrose, maltose, and lactose
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| What are the 2 types of polysaccharides? | Starch and glycogen
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| When numerous monosaccharides are joined together the resulting molecule is what? | Polysaccharides
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| What are 2 monosaccharides joined covalently called? | Disaccharides
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| What occurs by splitting water out of 2 monosaccharides? | Disaccharides
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| What 2 monosaccharides make sucrose (table sugar)? | glucose and fructose
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| What 2 monosaccharides make lactose? | glucose and galactose
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| What 2 monosaccharides make maltose? | 2 glucose molecules
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| What are 2 examples of polymers containing thousands of glucoses? | Starch and glycogen
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| What are the energy storage molecules called? | Polysaccharides (starches and glycogen)
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| Monosaccharides are bonded together covalently to form Disaccharides and polysaccharides by a type of reaction called what? | Dehydration synthesis or condensation
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| What reaction occurs in the digestion of disaccharides and polysaccharides? | Hydrolysis
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| What organic molecules are insoluble in polar solvents such as water and considered hydrophobic? | Lipids
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| What is formed by condensation of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids? | Triglycerides
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| What type of fatty acids have 1 c=c with hydrogens that share the double bond on the same side of the fatty acid chain, such as oleic acid and the configuration makes the fatty acid bend? | Cis fatty acids
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| What are the 2 types of triglycerides fatty acids? | Cis and Trans
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| What fatty acids have 1 c=c with hydrogens that share the double bond on opposite sides of the fatty acid chain, such as elaidic acid and this configuration makes the fatty acid straight? | Trans fatty acids
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| What can occur when ketone bodies in blood lower the pH? | Ketoacidosis
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| Hydrolysis of triglycerides within adiopose tissues releases free fatty acids called what? | Ketone bodies
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| Free fatty acids can be used as an immediate source of energy by many organs; they can also be converted by the liver into derivatives called what? | Ketone bodies
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| What are lipids that contain a phosphate group? | Phospholipids
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| Phospholipids act as what by reducing surface tension? | Surfactants
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| What part of the phospholipid is polar and hydrophilic? | Phosphate
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| What part of the phospholipid is nonpolar and hydrophobic? | Lipid
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| What are the 4 types of lipids? | Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, prostoglandins
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| What type of lipids are fatty acids with cyclic hydrocarbon group that is produced by and active in most tissues? | Prostoglandins
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| What type of lipid all have 3 6-carbon rings joined to a 5-carbon ring? | Steroids
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| Why are steroids included in the lipid category of molecules? | They are nonpolar and insoluble in water
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| What are 2 types of nucleic acids? | RNA and DNA
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| Nucleic Acids are made of long chains of what? | Nucleotides
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| What 3 things does nucleotides consist of? | 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
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| What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases? | Pyrimidines and purines
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| Which nitrogenous base contains 2 rings? | Purine
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| Which nitrogenous base contains only 1 ring? | Pyrimidines
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| What are 3 example of proteins that are conjugated with other groups? | Lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and hemoglobin
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| DNA and RNA are made up of long chains of what? | Nucleotides
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| What are the 4 bases of DNA? | Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
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| What are the 4 bases of RNA? | Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and urasil
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| What bases are purines? | Guanine and adenine
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| What bases are pyrimidines? | Cytosine and thymine/urasil
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| How are peptides formed? | Dehydration reaction
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| What are amino acids linked by? | Peptide bonds
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| What do you call short chains of amino acids (<100)? | Peptides
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| Proteins are made up of long chains of what? | Amino acids (>100)
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| What is produced when a covalent bond is formed between two amino acids? | Water
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| Long chains of amino acids make up what? | Proteins
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| Phospholipids aggregate into what in water? | Micelles
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| The _________part of the phospholipids interacts with water while the _________part is hidden in the middle. | Polar/nonpolar
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| Does saturated fats have a single or double covalent bond? | Single
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| Does unsaturated fats have a single or double covalent bond? | Double
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