Final review Lumbar
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| A portion of the lamina located between the superior and inferior articular processes is called the | Pars interarticularis
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| The superior and inferior vertebral notches join together to form | Intervertebral foramina
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| Which radiographic position best demonstrates the Intervertebral foramina | lateral
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| The small foramina found in the sacrum are called | Pelvic sacral foramina
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| Classification and mobility type of zygapophyseal joints | Synovial and Diarthrodial (plane, gliding)
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| Classification and mobility type of Intervertebral joints | Cartilaginous and Amphiarthrodial
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| To demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints, a patient must be rotated how many degrees | 45
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| What projection are the intervertebral foramina for the lumbar spine visualized | True lateral (90 degrees)
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| Upside or downside joints are visualized on a posterior obliques | Downside
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| An anterior oblique visualizes the downside or upside joints | Upside
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| The upside or left zygapophyseal joints are visualized in what position | Right Anterior Oblique (RAO)
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| The sacrum articulates with the ____ of the pelvis at the ________ | Ilium, auricular surface
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| The anterior and superior aspect of the sacrum that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic inlet is called the | promontory
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| What is another term for the sacral horns | Cornu
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| the SC joints lie at an oblique angle of ____ to the coronal plane | 30 degrees
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| What is the name of the upper broad aspect of the coccyx | Base
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| Lateral curvature of the vertebral column | scoliosis
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| Fracture of the vertebral body caused by hyperflexion force | Chance fracture
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| Congenital defect in which the posterior elements of the vertebrae fail to unite | Spina bifida
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| Most common at the L4-L5 level and may result in sciatica | Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
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| Forward displacement of one vertebra onto another vertebra | Spondylolisthesis
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| Inflammatory condition that is most common in males in their 30's | Ankylosing spondylitis
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| Dissolution and separation of pars interartcularis | Spondylolysis
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| A type of fracture that rarely causes neurologic deficits | Compression fracture
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| The articulating surfaces of the superior and inferior articular processess are called | Facets
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| The Zygapophyseal joints form a ____ degree angle to the midsag plane | 45 degree
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| The intervertebral foramen is formed by ____ and _____ | Superior and inferior notches
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| The posterior portion of the vertebral arch is formed by fusion of the | two laminae
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| The soft, semigelatinous central portion of an intervertebral disk is called the | nucleus pulposis
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| The lumbosacral junction is located at the aprroximate level of the | iliac and/or crest anterior superior iliac spine
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| An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine results in a condition called | scoliosis
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| The iliac crest is at the approximate level of | L4
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| When centering for a lateral projection of the L5-S1 junction the CR should placed ____ inches anterior to the palpated spinous processes | 3-4 inches
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| (True/False) The AP lumbar spine is the best projection for demonstrating the spinous processes | False
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| (True/False) If the patient cannot be placed supine, a PA projection of the lumbar spine may be substituted for the AP, provided that no acute trauma is suspected | True
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| (True/False) For a lateral projection of the lumbar spine, the CR enters 1" anterior to the palpated spinous processes | True (1-2")
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| (True/False) If the central ray is placed at the level of the iliac crest using 14x17" IR for a lateral lumbar spine, L1 may not be demonstrated on the image | False
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| (True/False) For an AP projection of the sacrum, the tube is angles 15 degrees cephalic and enters midway between the ASIS and the iliac crest | False (S. Pubis)
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| (True/False) Radiographic magnification of the sacrum will be greater on a PA projection of the sacrum than on a AP sacrum | True
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| (True/False) The correct image receptor size for a lateral coccyx projection is 10x12" | True
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| When a 14x17" IR is used, an AP lumbar spine should be centered: | At the level of the iliac crest
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| Which of the following are not clearly demonstrated on an AP projection of the lumbar spine? | Pedicles
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| What is the optimal kVp range for an AP projection of the lumbar spine | 80 kVp
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| For AP projections of the lumbar spine, flat contact gonad shields' should not be used for ____ patients | Female
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| The zygophyseal joints on the side nearer the table are clearly demonstrated when the patient is in the ____ position | RPO
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| Which projection best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina of the lumbar spine | AP oblique
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| A lateral lumbar spine image should clearly demonstrate the | intervertebral foramina, spinous processes, and disk spaces
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| If the spine is not parallel to the table for a lateral lumbar spine on a female patient, the CR should be directed | 5 degree caudal
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| The routine IR size for a lateral projection of the L5-S1) junction is ____ inches | 10x12
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| For a lateral projection of the L5-S1 junction, the CR is placed | 2" inferior to the ASIS
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| The tube angle for a lateral projection of the L5-S1 junction is___,____. | 5-10 degrees, caudal
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| Compared with a routine lateral lumbar spine, the lateral projection of the L5-S1 junction usually requires | More kVp
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| To open the L5-S1 joint space in the AP Axial projection, the tube should be angles cephalic | 35 degree
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| For scoliosis examinations of the lumbar spine, the PA projection is preferred over the AP because PA: | Results in lower patient dose
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| Weight bearing images of the lumbar spine are taken primarily to demonstrate | degree of mobility after spinal fusion
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| Hyperflexion images of the lumbar spine are taken by having the patient bend ___ as much as possible | Forward
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| To determine motion in the area of a spinal fusion of the lumbar spine, which of the following exams is indicated | Upright lateral flexion and extension
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| Which of the following is correct concerning the AP projection of the sacrum | 15 degree cephalic angle of CR
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| The LPO of the lumbar spine demonstrates what structure and what side | Zygapophyseal joints, left side
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| What other view would demonstrate essentially the same structure of the LPO (left joints). | RAO, Left joints
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| On an AP projection of the lumbar spine utilizing 11x14 cassette, the central ray should be directed to _____. | Level of Iliac crest
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| Why is an additional film of L5-S1 necessary in a lumbar spine | To open joint space of L5-S1
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| The main purpose of the 45 degree obliques for the C-spine is to demonstrate the | Intervertebral Foramina
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| The main purpose of the 90 lateral for the cervical spine is to demonstrate the spinous process as well a profile view of the vertebral and specifically demonstrating the | Z joints
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| The area on the lumbar vertebra where the pedicles and lamina unite and from which superior and inferior articular process arise is the termed the | Pars interarticular
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| The area of the sacrum that articulates with the ilium of the pelvis to form the sacroiliac joints is the _______ surface of the sacrum | Auricular
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| List the degree of obliquity for the Z joints of the lumbar spine from Top to Bottom | 50 degree Top and 30 degree bottom
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| What view best demonstrates the intervertebral foramen of the lumbar spine | Lateral
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| The female sacrum is _____ than the male sacrum | wider and less curved than the male
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| What view best demonstrates the right Z joints of the T-spine | RAO / LPO
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| Type of fracture that runs a course of approximately 45 degrees to the long axis of the bone and is caused by angulation | Oblique fracture
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| Type of fracture runs at right angle to the long axis of a bone | Transverse fracture
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| Type of fracture composed of more than two fragments | Comminuted fracture
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| Which vertebrae are fused? | Sacral and coccyx
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| Which vertebra/vertebrae are involved in the yes movement of the head | C1
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| What is the minimum filtration requirement according to NCRP for a diagnostic unit operating at above 70kVp | 2.5 mm AL
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| Name three ways to increase image contrast | Lower kV, Increase beam restriction, Air gap tech.
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| What is grid radius | Distance between the tube and the grid
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| What does the grid do to the radiographic image | reduce amount of scatter that reaches the IR
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| To visualize the Intervertebral foramina of the T spine The patient must be in a ___ position | 90 degree Rt or Lt lateral
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| What oblique is necessary to open the z joints on the T spine | 70 degree
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| topographical landmark: ASIS | S1-2
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| topographical landmark: Xiphoid process | T9-10
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| topographical landmark: Lower costal margin | L2-3
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| topographical landmark: Iliac crest | L4-5
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| Which two structures can be evaluated whether rotation is present on a x-ray of an AP projection of a L spine | SI joints equal distance from spine, Spinous process should be midline to vert. column
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| How much rotation is required to properly visualize the Z joints at the L5-S1 level | 30 degrees
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| Which specific set of Z joints is demonstrated with an LAO position | Right upside
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| The ____, which is the eye of the "scottie dog" should be near the center of the vertebral body on a correctly obliqued L spine | Pedicle
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