The Age of Enlightenment: the Eighteenth-Century Though
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| Philosophes | -intellectuals, writers, and critics who championed economic and political reforms in the emerging print culture
-interested in greater freedoms and liberties
-sought rational improvement on many levels of society
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| Isaac Newton | -determining the role of gravitation in the relationship between objects enabled other Europeans to realize that much remained to be discovered
-his use of empirical support for general laws became an important feature of Enlightenment thought
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| John Locke's view of Psychology | -all humans begin life as a tabula rasa (Blank page)
-gave Enlightenment thinkers grounds for arguing that the human condition could be improved by modifying the surrounding social and political environment.
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| Print culture | -a culture in which books, journals, newspapers, and pamphlets had achieved a status of their own
-helped spread the ideas of philosophes
-public became more literate
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| public opinion | the collective effect on political and social life of views circulated in print and discussed in the home, the workplace, and centers of leisure.
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| British Toleration | -Britain's domestic stability, religious toleration, freedom of the press, small army, unregulated domestic life, and political sovereignty of Parliament acted as an example for Enlightenment thinkers.
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| Obstacles to reform | -Louis XIV's heavy taxation, absolute monarchy, religious persecution, and large standing army perceived as obstacles to reform
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| Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet) | -most influential philosophe
-suggested reforms in his books ("Letters on the English" and "Candide")
-believed he could improve French life by modeling his theories on the English system
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| "Letters on the English" | -Voltaire
-suggested reforms based on the English system
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| "Candide" | -Voltaire
-attacked war and religious persecution
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| "Encyclopedia" | -assembled by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert
-a major undertaking by Enlightenment thinkers
-the product of writing by more than 100 authors
-survived many attempts at censorship
-included most advanced ideas of the day
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| The Enlightenment and Religion | -philosophes were critical of Christianity
-felt that it focused attention on the world to come to the detriment of the present condition
-objected to the power structure of the old regime, which gave special rights to clergy
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| "Crush the Infamous Thing" | -Voltaire's famous slogan that summed up the general attitudes of philosophes toward Christianity
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| Deism | -belief that religion and reason could be combined
-popular among some of the philosophes
-believed God must be rational
-believed religion should be rational as well
-believed that God existed and could be empirically justified in the study of natur
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| Cesare Beccaria | -attacked torture and capital punishment in his work "On Crimes and Punishments"
-used critical analysis to address the problem of making punishments just and effective.
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| Physiocrats | -18th c. French thinkers who attacked the mercantilist regulation of the economy
-advocated a limited economic role for government
-believed that all economic production depended on sound agriculture
-leaders: Francois Quesnay and Pierre Dupont de Nemo
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| Adam Smith, an English economist | -believed that economic liberty was the foundation for a natural economic system
-urged that the mercantilist system be abolished
-believed individuals should be able to pursue their own economic interests
-founder of laissez-faire
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| laissez-faire | -French phrase that mean "allow to do"
-in economics the doctrine of minimal gov't interference in the working of the economy
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| four-stage theory of human social and economic developments | -Adam Smith
-enabled Europeans to see themselves dwelling at the highest level of achievement
-served as a major justification for their economic and imperial domination of the world
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| Baron de Montesquieu | -"Spirit of the Laws" held up the British constitution as an example of the wisest model for regulating the power of gov't
-championed aristocracy in improving French political regime
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| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | -"The Social Contract" envisioned a society in which each individual could maintain personal freedom while participating as a loyal member in a larger community
-saw human beings as enmeshed in social relationships
-encouraged loyalty to the community
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| Mary Wollstonecraft | -"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" addressed the shortcomings of women and critiqued Rousseau
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| Women and the philosophes | -women gave philosophes access to their social and political contacts
-provided a forum for philosophes to circulate their ideas
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| marquise of Pompadour | -Louis XV's mistress
-helped the "encyclopedia" overcome censorship efforts
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| Madame de Tencin | -promoted Montesquieu's "Spirit of the Laws" by purchasing it and circulating it among friend
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| Enlightened Absolutism | -the phenomenon of several European rulers' embrace of the reforms set out by the philosophes
-Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine II of Russia
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