Criminal Justice
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| There are approximately ? courts of general jurisdiction in the US | 2000
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| if you are charged with the crime of armed robbery, your trial would take place in which type of court? | A court of General Jurisdiction
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| Which state most recently created an intermediate appellate court? | Mississippi
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| Generally, state appellate decisions are based on court transcripts. However, in some instances the felony court will grant a new trial, which is known as: | A trial de novo process
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| how many states currently have an intermediate appellate court (IAC) in operation | thirty-nine
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| Approximately how many drug courts are in operation throughout the US? | 1000
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| What is the state court of last resort generally called? | State Supreme Court
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| How many states have unified their trial courts into a single administrative system? | six
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| Criminal appeals represent ? percent of the total number of cases processed by the nations appellate courts? | 25
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| T/F? In the traditional model, the court is seen as the setting of an adversarial procedure. | True
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| T/F? it is possible for a lower criminal court to sentence a defendant to five years in prison. | false
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| T/F? most courts of limited jurisdiction are organized along town, municipal, and county lines of government | false
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| T/F? the legal basis for the current federal court system was created by President Franklin Roosevelt | false
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| T/F? a law degree is mandatory for all judges | false
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| T/F? to be a judge a candidate typically cannot be over the age of seventy | true
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| T/F? part-time judges are usually practicing attorneys who volunteer their services for free | true
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| T/F? in the traditional model, the court is seen as the setting of an adversarial procedure. | false
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| T/F? most courts of limited jurisdiction are organized along town, municipal and county lines of government | true
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| The __ are the trial courts of the federal system | US district courts
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| The __ is known as the nation's court of last resort | US supreme court
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| The supreme court issues a(n) ___ indicating that it has decided to hear a case | writ of certiorari
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| Providing for more judges, diversion programs, and bail reform are solutions for the problem of __. | overcrowding
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| The three-part judicial selection method of nomination, appointment and confirmation election is known as the ___. | missouri plan
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| There are approximately ___ state court prosecutors' offices employing over 79,000 attorneys in the US | 2300
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| which of the following is not one of the duties of a prosecutor? | investigate possible violations of the law **maintain administrative control over grade jury proceedings represent gov't in appeals subpoena witnesses to a crime
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| the prosecutor's title, such as district attorney or US attorney, depends on | the level of government and the jurisdiction they serve
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| the term community prosecution refers to: | a prosecutorial philosophy that emphasizes community support and cooperation
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| the view that prosecuting minor crimes would represent a waste of time is an example of the ___ factors that influence prosecutorial discretion | system
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| the formal written document identifying the criminal charge, the date and place where the crime occurred, and the circumstances of the arrest is known as the | complaint
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| when would the defense and prosecution begin plea negotiations | when the defendant pleads guilty at the arraignment
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| which of the following pretrial release mechanisms occurs at the earliest point in the criminal justice process? | a field citation release
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| what is another term for an indictment issued by a grad jury? | true bill
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| T/F "district attorney" is usually the title given to the chief prosecutor for a county | true
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| T/F it is very difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of a community prosecution | true
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| T/F public interest groups, such as gun control advocates, rarely target prosecutors in their lobbying efforts | false
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| T/F conviction rates for indigent defendants and those with their own lawyers are about the same in federal and state courts | true
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| T/F plea bargaining is rare in the American justice system | false
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| T/F when a defendant enters a guilty plea, he/she must admit to all elements of the crime in question | true
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| T/F release on recognizance requires a money deposit as in the bail system | false
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| T/F virtually all large jurisdictions have pretrial release programs | true
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| T/F diversion programs allow a defendant to enter treatment instead of trial | true
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| Prosecutorial ___ describes the decision a prosecutor makes in whether or not to prosecute a case | discretion
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| the ___ is the counterpart to the prosecutor in the criminal process | defense attorney
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| during the process of ___, defendants are released on their word that they will return to court | release of recognizance
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| A(n) ___ is the name given to the report of a grand jury investigation | presentment
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| the ___ amendment guarantees the defendant the right to a jury trial | 6th
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| in what case did the court rule that all defendants in felony cases have the right to a jury trial | Duncan v. Louisiana
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| what is the minimum number of jury members allowed in a criminal trial as determined by the Supreme Court in Williams v. Florida | 6
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| which of the following rules applies to a 6-person jury in a serious felony case | their verdict must bu unanimous
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| what was the most common state-administered punishment in early Greece and Roman civilizations | banishments
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| what term was adopted in the twelfth century to refer to a breach of faith with one's feudal lord | Felonia
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| what was the final fate of convicts transported to North America or Australia once their period of service was completed in the colonies | they were granted pardons to gain their freedom
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| sentencing for the purpose of general deterrence has most to do with: | affecting the perception of the general public
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| what is another term that retribution advocates use to describe the concept of blameworthiness | just deserts
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| T/F a 6-person jury is not allowed in a death penalty case | true
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| T/F a person doesn't have the right to counsel at trial in misdemeanor case | false
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| T/F any person who is currently in jail on the basis of a probation violation who did not have legal counsel representation at trial is being held unconstitutionally | true
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| T/F criminal trials permit three different types of verdicts | false
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| T/F the beginning of the enlightenment brought about the end of transporting criminals to america | false
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| T/F a sentencing target of 8-25 years in prison is an example of a determinate sentence | false
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| T/F more than two-thirds of all convicted felons are sentenced to time behind bars | true
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| T/F over one-hundred countries actively utilize the death penalty | false
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| the ___, also known as the jury array, is the initial list of people chosen for jury duty | venire
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| a weapons or photograph is an example of a piece of ___ evidence | real
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| a motion entered by the defense attorney for a(n) ___ verdict is a request for the judge to order the jury to return a verdict of not guilty | directed
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| the ___ goal of punishment is centered on the idea that the offender should compensate the victim and society for the crime | equity
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| supporters for the death penalty argue that capital punishment conforms to the requirement that the punishment be ___ to the crime | proportional
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| opponents of the death penalty argue that the ___ effect of the death penalty may produce more violence | brutalization
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| what common-law practice allowed judges to suspend punishment so that convicted offenders could seek a pardon, gather new evidence, or demonstrate that they had reformed their behavior? | judicial reprieve
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| people who made themselves responsible for the behavior of the offender after release from the common law court in the Middle Ages were known as: | sureties
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| when did the federal government establish a probation system for US district courts? | 1925
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| what happens when probation is revoked? | the probation contract is terminated and the original sentence is imposed
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| who supervises hiring and determines training needs in the typical probation department? | the chief probation officer
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| english penal institutions built in the tenth century were used to: | hold pretrial detainees and those waiting for their sentence to be carried out
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| the first english penal institutions operated under the ___ system | fee
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| what was the name of the british prison reformer and sheriff who wrote The State of Prisons and was influential in creating humane standards in the british penal system | John Howard
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| the Pennsylvania system inspired the creation of similar prisons in: | new jersey
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| T/F probation typically involves the suspension of an offender's sentence in exchange for a promise of good behavior in the community | true
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| T/F judges are generally granted discretion to tailor the restrictions of a probation sentence to fit what they deem to be the needs of the individual offender | true
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| T/F the probation officer has little say in the planning of a probationer's treatment program | false
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| T/F restitution ranks below probation on the punishment ladder | false
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| T/F the "modern" american correctional system had its origins in NY | false
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| T/f the quakers pressured the state legislature to improve conditions in the prisons in pennsylvania | true
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| T/F rehabilitation has come to replace incapacitation as the guiding philosophy in modern prisons | false
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| T/F restorative justice seeks to include all parties-offender, victim, and community-in the justice process | true
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| during the Middle Ages, ___ were individuals who made themselves responsible for offenders on probation or reprieve release | sureties
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| A(n) ___ is a sentence of incarceration that is not carried out unless the offender disobeys the rules of probation while in the community | suspended sentence
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| Programs such as fines and forfeiture are examples of ___ sanctions | intermediate
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| the penitentiary house was a central feature in the early ___ prison system | pennsylvania
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| thomas Mott Osborne was an early twentieth-century prison reformer who led the ___ league | mutual welfare
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| ___ are facilities that hold both people that are guilty of a crime and those that are awaiting trial | jails
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| A(n) ___ prison houses mainly white-collar and other nonviolent offenders | minimum-security
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| the US corrections corporation opened the first ___ prison in 1986 | private
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| the fact that prisons have inmates who are prevented from leaving, forced to obey rules, and under constant scrutiny characterizes them as: | total institutions
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| what factor is said to have precipitated the "new" inmate culture? | the black power movement of the 1960's and 1970's
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| what is the most common outcome for children of a single mother when the mother is sent to prison? | they are placed in the care of a relative or family friend
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| which of the following does not account for the limited rehabilitative treatment available in prison? | the philosophy of greater eligibility
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| which seventeenth century english laws provided for the appointment of overseers to indenture destitute or neglected children? | poor laws
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| what was the burden of proof for verdicts handed down by the juvenile court? | preponderance of the evidence
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| what impact did the supreme court have on the juvenile justice system in the 1960's and 1970's? | it radically altered the juvenile justice system through rulings that established due process rights for juveniles comparable to those of defendants in the adult criminal justice system
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| which type of case is most likely to be referred to the juvenile court by police? | cases involving violence
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| what is the most common form of juvenile correction? | release to parental custody
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| T/F inmates must learn to adopt a lifestyle that shields them from victimization while in prison | true
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| T/F an inmate who asks a guard for help is called a punk | false
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| T/F mail to inmates may be censored or destroyed | true
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| T/F research has shown that heterosexual male inmates often turn to homosexual sex in prison | true
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| T/F the child-savers movement was made up of middle-class civic leaders who helped poor children | true
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| T/F Charles Loring Brace was the philanthropist who developed the Children's Aid Society | true
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| T/F the efforts of the child savers prompted the development of the first comprehensive juvenile court in 1899 | true
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| T/F early reform schools sought to rehabilitate juvenile offenders | false
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| acts such as truancy and running away from home are considered status offenses | true
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| given its designed segregation and surveillance, the modern prison is a model of a(n) ____ | total institution
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| Clemmer coined the term ____ process to refer to an inmate's adjustment to prison life | prisonization
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| female inmates often form groups called ____ to cope with prison life | make-believe families
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| prison treatment programs in which inmates leave the institution to work in the community are known as work release or ____ programs | furlough
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| the ___ were middle-class civic leaders who influenced state and local governments to create institutions called reform schools | child-savers
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| the term "agree to a(n) ___" is used in place of "admitting guilt" when plea bargaining juvenile cases | finding
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| a juvenile trial is also called a(n) ____ hearing | fact-finding
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