*WAHS TAKS Science: Tests, Cells, & DNA
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Hypothesis | an educated guess about what might happen in an experiment
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| Theory | a general explanation of observations about the natural world
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| Postulates | something assumed without proof as being self-evident or generally accepted
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| Dependent Variable | y axis, variable that responds/changes as a result of the manipulated one, measure/observe this one
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| Independent Variable | x axis, manipulated/changed variable in an experiment
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| Control | baseline measurement, a standard used to compare experimental results
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| Validity | whether an experiment really measures what it is supposed to
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| Reliability | whether repeated experiments produce the same results
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| Cell | smallest living unit of an organism; human cells have a nucleus, bacteria do not
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| Virus | non-living particle, does not grow or move, but CAN reproduce with help of a living cell
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| Virus-related diseases | common cold, influenza, smallpox, warts, AIDS
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| Bacteria | a prokaryote, simplest of all living things, can produce foods & antibiotics, but also diseases
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| Bacteria shapes | three basic shapes: spheres/cocci, rods/bacilli, and spirals/spirilli
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| Bacteria-related diseases | gums and bone diseases, strep throat, pneumonia, diphtheria
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| Pathogens | any agent that can cause disease
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| Antigens | any substance (toxins or enzymes) that stimulates an immune response in the body (the production of antibodies)
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| Antibiotic | a product that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms like bacteria
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| Antibodies | proteins produced in the blood in response to the presence of an antigen, making them harmless or destroyed
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| Flagellum | long hair-like structures in bacteria that enable movement
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| Host Cells | animal or plant cells where another organism lives
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| Nucleus | the command center of a cell, controls its activities
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| Prokaryotic | organism cells having no nucleus, or membrane-bound structure
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| Eukaryotic | organism cells with nuclei, usually multi-cellular
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| Organelle | a cell structure that performs a specific function
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| Chloroplasts | a plant-cell organelle which uses energy in sunlight to make glucose sugar
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| Photosynthesis | the process of chloroplasts making glucose for an energy source
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| Mitochondria | an organelle that breaks down food molecules to provide energy, often found in muscle cells
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| Ribosomes | the cell ‘factory’ (organelle) where protein is made, part of the cell structure that mRNA attaches to
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| Cytoplasm | portion of a eukaryotic cell outside the nucleus; contains all the organelles
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| Monerans | one-celled organisms like amoeba and bacteria, no nucleus
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| Protists | one-celled or many-celled, like algae; not a plant, animal or fungus
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| Homeostasis | the stable internal state of a cell
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| Gene/Genetics | study of the sections of DNA on a chromosome that direct the making of specific proteins; they determine individual traits
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| Nucleic Acids | complex molecules that store information in cells in code form
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| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule found in the cells of all organisms, contains genetic information that controls cell functions
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| Nucleotide | the small units of a DNA Molecule, with these components - phosphate groups, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogen base sequences
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| Nitrogen Bases in DNA | Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) – they hold the genetic information; form a ring structure
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| Complementary Nitrogen Bases | G + C, A + T
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| RNA | ribonucleic acid, like DNA but has Uracil (U) instead of Thymine.
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| mRNA | messenger RNA, carries messages from DNA to the rest of the cell
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| Codons | the mRNA info organized into 3-letter blocks, like words; there are 64 codons (61 are amino acids)
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| Stop Codon | any of three codons (UAA, UAG, and UGA) in mRNA that do not code for an amino acid, so they stop protein manufacturing
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| tRNA | transfer RNA, matches specific Codons to their corresponding Amino Acids
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| Chromosomes | a threadlike linear strand of DNA and proteins that carries the genes and hereditary information
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| Mitosis | cell division producing two daughter cells identical to parent cell
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| Meiosis | cell division producing daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
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| Replication | the process of a cell dividing, and duplicating two identical DNA molecules
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| Transcription | the process of copying DNA genetic information into mRNA
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| Translation | the process of producing a protein from mRNA
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| Mutation | a ‘mistake’ in a DNA sequence; could be useful (survival) OR harmful (sickle-cell anemia)
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| Phenotype | the way an organism looks
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| Genotype | the gene combination of an organism
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| Parthenogenesis | a form of reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual; “virgin birth”
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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