terms - ch.5,10,11,12,15
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| Culture shock | The psychological discomfort of adjusting to a new cultural situation
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| Intercultural communication | Interaction between people whose cultural assumptions are distinct enough to alter the communication event
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| Dominant culture | The attitudes, values, beliefs and customs that the majority of people in a society hold in common
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| Co-cultures | Groups of people living within a dominant culture but exhibiting communication that is sufficiently different to distinguish them from the dominant culture
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| Ethnicity | A classification of people based on combinations of shared characteristics such as nationality, geographic origin, language, religion , ancestral customs and tradition
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| Religion | A system of beliefs shared by a group with objects for devotion, rituals for worship and a code of ethics
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| Social class | An indicator of a person’s position in a social hierarchy, as determined by income, education, occupation and social habits
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| Individualistic culture | Emphasizes personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing one’s opinion, freedom, innovation and self expression
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| Collectivist culture | Emphasizes community, collaboration, shared interest, harmony, the public good, and avoiding embarrassment
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| Low uncertainty avoidance cultures | Cultures characterized by greater acceptance of and less need to control, unpredictable people, relationships or events
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| High uncertainty avoidance cultures | Cultures characterized by a low tolerance for, and a high need to control, unpredictable people, relationships or events
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| High power distance | The cultural belief that inequalities in power, status, and rank are “natural” and that these differences should be acknowledged and accentuated
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| Low power distance | The cultural belief that inequalities in power, status, and rank should be underplayed and muted
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| Masculine culture | A culture in which people are expected to adhere to traditional sex roles
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| Feminine culture | A culture in which people, regardless of sex, are expected to assume a variety of roles based on the circumstances and their own choices
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| Ethnocentrism | The belief that one’s own culture is superior to others
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| Altruism | A display of genuine and unselfish concern for the welfare of others
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| Egocentricity | A selfish interest in one’s own needs, to the exclusion of everything else
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| Work group | A collection of three or more people who must interact and influence each other to solve problems and to accomplish a common purpose
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| Group goal | A future state of affairs desired by enough members of the group to motivate the group to work toward its achievement
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| Specific goal | A precisely stated, measurable, and behavioral goal
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| Consistent goals | Complementary goals: achieving one goal does not prevent the achievement of another
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| Challenging goals | Goals that require hard work and team effort; they motivate group members to do things beyond what they might normally accomplish
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| Acceptable goals | Goals to which members feel personally committed.
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| Homogeneous group | Group in which members have a great deal of similarity
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| Heterogeneous group | Group in which various demographics, levels of knowledge, attitudes, and interests are represented
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| Cohesiveness | The degree of attraction members have to each other and to the group’s goal
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| Team building activities | Activities designed to help the group work better together
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| Norms | Expectations for the way group members will behave while in the group
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| Ground rules | Prescribed behaviors designed to help the group meet its goals and conduct its conversations
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| Synergy | A commonality of purpose and a complementariness of each other’s efforts that produces a group outcome greater than an individual outcome
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| Face-to-face meeting | A meeting in which all members come together in one physical location to make a decision or solve a problem
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| Virtual meeting | A meeting in which people in various locations use technology to work together on a decision or problem
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| Forming | The initial stage of group development during which people come to feel valued and accepted so that they identify with the group
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| Storming | The stage of group development during which the group clarifies its goals and determines the roles each member will have in the group power structure
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| Groupthink | A deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressure
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| Norming | The stage of group development during which the group solidifies its rules for behavior, especially those that relate to how conflict will be managed
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| Performing | The stage of group development when the skills, knowledge and abilities of all members combined to overcome obstacles and meet goals successfully
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| Adjourning | The stage of group development in which members assign meaning to what they have done and determine how to end or maintain interpersonal relations they have developed
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| Question of fact | Questions concerned with discovering what is true or to what extent something is true
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| Questions of value | Questions that concern subjective judgments of what is right, moral , good or just
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| Questions of policy | Questions that concern what courses of action should be taken or what rules should be adopted to solve a problem
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| Brainstorming | An uncritical, non-evaluative process of generating associated ideas
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| Decision making | The process of choosing among alternatives
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| Role | A specific pattern of behavior that one group member performs based on the expectations of other members
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| Task-related roles | Specific patterns of behavior that directly help the group accomplish its goals
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| Initiator | A group member who gets the discussion started or moves it in a new direction
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| Information or opinion giver | A group member who provides content for the discussion
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| Information or opinion seeker | A group member who probes others for their factual ideas and opinions
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| Analyzer | A group member who probes the content, reasoning, and evidence of members during discussions
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| Orienter | A group member who indicates to the group that it is off track or summaries point s of agreement and disagreement among members
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| Maintenance roles | Patterns of behavior that help the group develop and maintain good member relationships, group cohesiveness, and effective levels of conflict
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| Gatekeeper | A group member who ensures that everyone has an opportunity to speak and be heard
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| Encourager | A group member who provides support for the contributions of the team members
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| Harmonizer | A group member who helps the group relieve tension and manage conflict
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| Self-centered roles | Patterns of behavior that focus attention on individuals’ needs and goals at the expense of the group
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| Aggressor | A group member who seeks to enhance his or her own status by criticizing almost everything or blaming others when things get rough and by deflating the ego or status of others
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| Withdrawer | A group member who meets his or her own goals at the expense of group goals by not participating in the discussion or the work of the group
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| Blocker | A group member who routinely rejects others’ views and stubbornly disagrees with emerging group decisions
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| Formal leader | An assigned, appointed or elected leader who is given legitimate power to influence others
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| Informal leader | Members of the group whose authority to influence stems from the power they gain through their interactions in the group
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| Joker | a group member who attempts to draw attention to himself or herself by clowning, mimicking, or generally making a joke of everything
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| Leadership | is a process of influencing members to accomplish group goals
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| intercultural empathy | imaginatively placing yourself in the dissimilar other person's cultural world to attempt to experience what he or she is experiencing
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| flexibility | the ability to adjust your communication to fit the other person and the situation
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| Subject | A broad area of knowledge
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| Topic | Some specific aspect of a subject
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| Brainstorming | An uncritical, non-evaluative process of generating associated ideas
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| Audience analysis | The study of the intended audience for your speech
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| Audience adaptation | The active process of developing a strategy for tailoring your information to the specific speech audience
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| Survey | A questionnaire designed to gather information from people
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| Setting | The occasion and location for your speech
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| General speech goal | The intent of your speech
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| Specific speech goal | A single statement of the exact response the speaker wants from the audience
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| Secondary research | The process of locating information about your topic that has been discovered by other people
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| Periodicals | Magazines and journals that appear at fixed intervals
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| Primary research | The process of conducting your own study to acquire information for your speech
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| Examples | Specific instances that illustrate or explain a general factual statement
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| Expert opinions | Interpretations and judgments made by authorities in a particular subject area
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| Expert | A person who has mastered a specific subject, usually through long-term study
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| Anecdotes | Brief, often amusing stories
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| Narratives | Accounts, personal experiences, tales, or lengthier stories
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| Comparisons | Illuminate a point by showing similarities
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| Contrasts | Highlight differences
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| Plagiarism | The unethical act of representing a published author’s work as your own
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| Factual statements | statements that can be verified
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| Statistics | numerical facts
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| Public speaking apprehension | A type of communication anxiety (or nervousness), is the level of fear you experience when anticipating or actually speaking to an audience
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| Anticipation reaction | The level of anxiety you experience prior to giving the speech, including the nervousness you feel while preparing and waiting to speak
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| Confrontation reaction | The surge in your anxiety level that you feel as you begin your speech
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| Adaptation reaction | The gradual decline of your anxiety level that begins about one minute into the presentation and results in your anxiety level declining to its pre-speaking level in about five minutes
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| Visualization | A method that reduces apprehension by helping you develop a mental picture of yourself giving a masterful speech
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| Systematic desensitization | A method that reduces apprehension by gradually having you visualize increasingly more frightening events
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| Public speaking skills training | The systematic teaching of the skills associated with the processes involved in preparing and delivering an effective public speech, with the intention of improving speaking competence and thereby reducing public speaking apprehension.
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| Pitch | The scaled highness or lowness of the sound a voice makes
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| Volume | The degree of loudness of the tone you make as you normally exhale, your diaphragm relaxes, and air is expelled through the trachea
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| Rate | The speed at which you talk
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| Quality | The tone, timbre, or sound of your voice
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| Articulation | Using the tongue, palate, teeth, jaw movement, and lips to shape vocalized sounds that combine to produce a word
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| Pronunciation | The form and accent of various syllables of a word
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| Accent | The articulation, inflection, tone, and speech habits, typical of the natives of a country, a region, or even a state or city
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| Facial expression | Eye and mouth movement
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| Gestures | Movement of your hands, arms and fingers that describe and emphasize what you are saying
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| Movement | Motion of the entire body
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| Posture | The position or bearing of the body
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| Poise | Refers to assurance of manner
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| Conversational style | An informal style of presenting a speech so that your audience feels you are talking with them, not at them
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| Enthusiasm | Excitement or passion about your speech
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| Vocal expressiveness | The contrasts in pitch, volume, rate, and quality that affect the meaning an audience gets from the sentences you speak
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| Emphasis | Giving different shades of expressiveness to words
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| Monotone | A voice in which the pitch, volume, and rate remain constant with no word, idea, or sentence differing significantly from any other
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| Spontaneity | A naturalness that seems unrehearsed or memorized
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| Fluency | Speech that flows easily, without hesitations and vocal interferences
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| Eye contact | Looking directly at the people with whom you are speaking
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| Impromptu speeches | Speeches that are delivered with only seconds or minutes of advance notice for preparation and usually presented without referring to notes of any kind
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| Scripted speeches | Those that are prepared by creating a complete written manuscript and delivered by rote memory or by reading a written copy
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| Extemporaneous speeches | Speeches that are researched and planned ahead of time, although the exact wording is not scripted and will vary from presentation to presentation
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| Rehearsing | Practicing the presentation of your speech aloud
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| Speech notes | Word or phrased outlines of your speech
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Created by:
mjbarne
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