Block 7 - Immuno - words from packet one and a few notes
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| Definition of T cell? types? | white blood cell that is effector cell of adaptive immune defense system. Two types CD-4 & CD-8
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| Definition of B Lymphocyte? | White blood cell that is effector cell of adaptive immune defense system
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| Definition of NK lymphocyte | cells of innate response system that detect virally infected cells and lyse them
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| Definition of Phagocyte | bone marrow derived (myeloid) cells with a range of immune functions
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| Definition, activity, lifespan of Neutrophil | most numerous white cells in blood. They migrate rapidly to sites of infection to kill pathogens. Shortlived.
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| Definition including activity of Macrophage | large phagocytic cells with many granules that function as a critical link between the innate and adaptive system. Cells are active in antigen processing and presentation
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| Definition of Dendritic Cell | Irregularly shaped cell with many branchlike processes that is critical in antigen capture and presentation to T cells
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| Definition of Basophil | polymorphonuclear granulocytic leukocyte whose granules stain with basic dyes: enters tissue and becomes mast cell.
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| Definition of Mast cell | tissue cell that releases histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation
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| Definition of Eosinophil | short lived degranulating cell - kill parastites by releasing toxic compounds (degranulate) on them
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| Definition of Inflammation | defined clinically as the presence of redness, swelling and pain. Histologically, inflammation is defined as the presence of edema and white cells in a tissue
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| Def. of Innate Immunity | older part of immune system, which responds rapidly to infection, but with exactly the same response each time
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| Def. of Adaptive immunity | part of immune system in which genetic recombination is used to recognize specific molecules. Slow to respond, but produces lasting memory.
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| Def. of Humoral Immunity | antibody mediated immunity
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| Def. of cell mediated immunity | refers to function of T cells as opposed to humoral/antibody-mediated immunity
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| Antigen | molecules specifically recognized by receptors of the adaptive immune system
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| Antibody | protein produced in response to and capable of binding specifically with an antigen. Antibodies have an immunoglobin structure
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| Immunoglobin | a soluble molecule composed of variable and non-variable domains with antibody function
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| Antigen-presenting cell (APC) | cells that process antigen and present antigen to T cells
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| Examples of cells that utilize APC's | macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
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| Clonal Expansion | lymphocyte cell divisions initiated by binding of an antigen to a lymphocyte cell membrane receptor
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| T-Cell receptor | receptor for antigen on T lymphocyte
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| B-cell receptor | the cell surface-located receptor for antigen on B cells
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| Pattern Recognition Molecules | molecules of innate immune system capable of recognizing molecules characteristic of infection, for example, double-stranded RNA and some sugars
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| Tolerance | ability of B cell to not become activated when presented with self-antigen
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| Phagosome | plasma membrane-bound,intracellular sac formed when a phagocyte engulfs a microbe
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| Lysosome | membrane-bound cell organelle containing digestive enzymes in a highly acidic solution that break down bacteria, large molecules that have entered the cell, and damaged components of the cell
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| Lysomomal granule | same as lysosome
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| Complement | one of a group of plasma proteins that upon activation kills microbes directly and facilitates teh inflammatory process, including phagocytosis
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| Membrane attack complex | final part of complement cascade, capable of damaging cells or pathogens
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| Classic pathway of complement | probably last to evolve, triggered by C1, the initiating protein which recognizes Fc portion of immunoglobin if in close enough proximity. occur when antigen binds several immunoglobin molecules. IgM likes binding C1. activates C2, C4 which activate C3
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| Alternative pathway of complement | activates complement on surface of any cell that lacks complement inhibitors, unlike classic and lectin pathways which do cells with MBL or antibody
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| Lectin Pathway | Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) a collectin that binds via its lectin portion onto carbs of bacteria. No enzyme activity of its own. Once bound indirectly activates C2 & C4
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| Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) | gene cluster contianing genes for cell surface proteins that present antigens to T cells. The human version of MHC called HLA
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| MHC class I - where is it found, activity | all cells, process antigen process in cell for CD8 T cells
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| MHC class II - where is it found, activity | Type B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells: process exogenous antigens for CD4 cells
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| Apotosis | deliberate programed cell death
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| Autoimmunity | recognition of normal components of the body by the adaptive immune system. Occurs in healthy individuals but can also cause autoimmune disease
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| Hypersensitivity | inflammation caused by an exaggerated response to an antigen. The immune response, rather than the antigen, causes disease
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| Primary Immunodeficiency | caused by genetic defects
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| Secondary immunodeficiency | caused by disease after birth
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| Anaphylatoxin | low-molecular-weight product of complement activation that increases capillary permeability and attracts leukocytes
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| Cytokine | Soluble messenger molecule used to transmit messages from cell to cell. Interferons and chemokines are types of cytokines
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| Interleukin | a cytokine involved with the regulation of immune system
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| Lymphokine | a cytokine secreted by helper T cells in response to stimulation by antigens and that acts on other cells of the immune system (as by activating macrophages))
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| Memory | The act of recognizing an antigen upon a second presentation
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| Specificity | characteristics of antigen and antibody that exhibit "goodness fit" because they posses complementary amino acids in their variable regions
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| Physical Barriers of the non-specific immune system | skin (keratin), Mucous,tears acidic nature of stomach & urine, cilial action of respiratory system, peristalsis,
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| Chemical barriers in body fluids - non-specific immune system | complement, salts, lysozymes, normal flora
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| Non-specific, but active destructive force of the non-specific immune system | phagocytosis
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| What do pattern recognition molecules combine with | Toll-like receptors on macrophage or dendritic cells. Antigen is processed and combined with MHC II for presentation to TCR on T-helpers
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| What is the therapeutic application of interferon alpha or beta | viral infections
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| What does GM-CSF do? | stimulates bone marrow
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| What is a monoclonal Antibody used in breast cancer therapy? Action | Herceptin - blocks tumor growth receptor
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| How does remicade work for rheumatoid arthritis or crohn's? | a monoclonal antibody that blocks the effect of TNF-alpha
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