Intro to Psychology Test Section 1 Chapter 7
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Classical Conditioning | a basic form of learning, neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally produces an unconditioned response. After several trials, the neutral stimulus is now a conditioned stimulus and thus produces a conditioned response
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| Unconditioned Stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus which elicits a reflexive (unconditioned) response.
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| Unconditioned Response | in classical conditioning, a reflexive response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus, such as pupil contraction to bright light, without prior learning
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| Conditioned Stimulus | a stimulus which by repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response
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| Conditioned Response | :in classical conditioning, a response to a previously neutral stimulus which has become a conditioned stimulus by repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus
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| Neutral Stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus which initially fails to elicit a response, but as conditioning continues, becomes a conditioned stimulus
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| Acquisition | the first stages of learning when a response is established. In classical conditioning, acquisition refers to the period of time when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response
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| Extinction | when the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear. In classical conditioning, this happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus
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| Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response. If the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are no longer associated, extinction will occur very rapidly after a spontaneous recovery
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| Generalization | tendency for stimuli similiar to the conditioned stimulus to ellicit a similiar response
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| Discrimination | ability to distinguish between conditioned stimuli and other stimuli
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| Pavlov's Experiment | Pavlov's dogs; discovered classical conditioning
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| Operant Conditioning | a form of learning that is determined by consequences that either reinforce or punish particular behaviours, that can increase or decrease the probability of the behaviour
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| Shaping | in operant conditioning, reinforcing successive approximations to the desired response
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| Reinforcer | in conditioning, any stimulus, that after following a response, increases the probability of that response occurring
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| Primary Reinforcer | reinforcers based on innate biological significance, such as food or water
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| Positive Reinforcement | in operant conditioning, a process of increasing the likelihood of a response by immediately following the response with a desirable stimulus (a positive reinforcer).
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| Positive Punishment | decreases behavior by adding negative stimuli
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| Negative Reinforcement | in operant conditioning, a method to increase the probability and strength of a response by removing or withholding an aversive stimuli (negative reinforcer)
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| Negative Punishment | debreases behavior by removing postive stimuli
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| Continous Reinforcement | continuing to reinforce desired response when it occurs
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| Skinner's Studies | influential behaviourist, who pioneered the principle of operant conditioning, including schedules of reinforcement, shaping and subsequent behavior modification (rats and birds)
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| Fixed Ratio Schedule | a reinforcement applied according to a number of predetermined responses, for instance one reinforcement for every three responses
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| Fixed Interval Schedule | a reinforcement applied on a systematic time basis, for instance, every four minutes.
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| Variable Ratio Schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement determined by the average number of responses required to receive a reinforcer
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| Variable Interval Schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement determined by the average time interval which must elapse since the last reinforcer before a response will be reinforced
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| Observational Learning | a process of socialisation that takes place as a result of an individual observing and imitating the behaviour of another person who serves as a model, as opposed to through direct experience
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| Modeling | the term used by Bandura to describe the process of learning and socialisation, through observing and imitating others
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| Bobo Doll Study | an inflatable toy used in Albert Bandura's studies of aggression imitation
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