terms - ch. 1,2,3,4
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| The verbal utterances and nonverbal behaviors to which meaning is attributed during communication | Messages
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| The thoughts in one person’s mind as well as interpretations one makes of another’s messages | meanings
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| Are words, sounds, and actions that seek to represent specific ideas and feelings | symbols
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| The process of putting our thoughts and feelings into words and nonverbal cues. | encoding
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| The process of interpreting another’s message | decoding
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| The setting in which communication occurs including what precedes and follows what is said | context
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| The location, the environmental conditions, the distance between the communicators, seating arrangement and time of day | physical context
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| The nature of the relationship that already exists between participants | social context
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| The background provided by previous communication episodes between participants | historical context
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| The moods and feelings that each brings to the interpersonal encounter | psychological context
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| The values, attitudes, beliefs, orientations and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in society | cultural context
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| Both the route traveled by the message an the means of transportation | channels
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| Any stimulus that interferes with the process of sharing meaning | noise
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| Includes sights, sounds, and other stimuli that might draw away attention | physical noise
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| Internal distractions based on thoughts, feelings, or emotional reactions to symbols | psychological noise
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| Refers to the thoughts and feelings that compete for attention | internal noise
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| Refers to the distractions aroused by certain symbols that take our attention away from the main message. The “girl’ in the office might actually refer to a 40 year old woman. | semantic noise
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| The reactions and response to messages that indicate to the sender how the message was heard, seen and interpreted | feedback
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| Informal interaction among a small number of people who have relationships with each other | interpersonal communication setting
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| Characterized by participants who come together for the specific purpose of solving a problem or arriving at a decision | problem solving group settings
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| Participants deliver a prepared message to a group or audience | public speaking settings
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| Characterized by participants who do not share a physical context but communicate through the use of technology | electronically mediated communication settings
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| Involves communication by way of an electronic network but does not involve real time | e-mail
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| Online communication that allows two or more participants to communicate in real time | instant messaging
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| Sending messages by way of mobile phone | text messaging
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| Electronic mailing lists | listservs
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| Web based forums designed for interactive message exchange between two or more people logged into the same room | chat rooms
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| Are online journals housed on a website | weblogs or blogs
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| Web based sites where a group of people can interact in real time by playing games | online games
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| Spoken without much conscious thought | spontaneous expressions
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| Phrasings that we have learned from past communication encounters and deem appropriate for the current situation | scripted communication
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| Messages put together with careful thought | constructed messages
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| Is the degree of liking or attractiveness in a relationship | immediacy
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| The degree to which one participant is perceived to be more dominant or powerful | control
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| Systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people | culture
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| A set of moral principles that may be held by a society, a group or an individual | ethics
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| Refraining from deception of any kind | truthfulness and honesty
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| A choice involving unsatisfactory alternatives | moral dilemma
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| Maintaining a consistency of belief and action (keeping promises) | integrity
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| Achieving the right balance of interests without regard to one’s feelings and being free from bias | fairness
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| Showing regard or consideration for others and their ideas | respect
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| Being accountable for one’s actions and what one says | responsibility
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| The impression that communicative behavior is both appropriate and effective in any given situation | communication competence
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| Goal oriented actions that we can master and repeat in appropriate situations | skills
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| The perception of the speaker’s knowledge, trustworthiness and warmth | credibility
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| Communication without anxiety or nervousness | social ease
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| The process of selectively attending to information and assigning meaning to it | perception
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| A set of characteristics used to differentiate some things from others | pattern
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| Assigning meaning to information | interpret
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| Your self identity | self concept
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| Your over all evaluation of your competence and personal worthiness | self esteem
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| A pattern of learned behaviors that people use to meet the perceived demands of a particular context | role
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| The internal process of observing and regulating your own behaviors based on your analysis of the situation and others’ responses to you | self monitoring
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| The gap between our inaccurate self-perceptions and reality | incongruence
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| Events that happen as the result of being foretold, expected or talked about | self-fulfilling prophecies
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| The internal conversations we have with ourselves | self talk
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| The process of monitoring the social environment to learn more about self and others | uncertainty reduction
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| Assumptions people have developed about which physical characteristics and personality traits or behaviors are associated with another | implicit personality theories
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| To generalize and perceive that a person has a whole set of characteristics when you have actually observed only one characteristic, trait, or behavior | halo effect
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| Attributions that cover up individual differences and ascribe certain characteristics to an entire group of people | stereotypes
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| A rigid attitude that is based on group membership and predisposes an individual to feel, think or act in a negative way toward another person or group. | prejudice
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| A negative action toward a social group or its members on account of group membership | discrimination
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| Reasons we give for others’ behaviors | attributions
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| A message that reflects your understanding of the meaning of another person’s nonverbal behavior | perception check
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| A body of symbols and the systems for their use in messages that are common to the people of the same speech community | language
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| A group of people who speak the same language | speech community
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| Symbols used by a speech community to represent objects, ideas and feelings | words
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| A theory claiming that language influences perception | sapir-whorf hypothesis
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| The direct, explicit meaning a speech community formally gives a word. | denotation
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| The feelings or evaluations we associate with a word | connotation
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| The position of a word in a sentence and the words around it | syntactic context
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| Cultures in which messages are direct, specific and detailed | low context culture
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| Cultures in which messages are indirect, general and ambiguous | high context culture
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| Use words of empathy and support, emphasize concrete and personal language, and show politeness and tentativeness in speaking | feminine styles of language
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| Use words of status and problem solving, emphasize abstract and general language, and show assertiveness and control in speaking | masculine styles of language
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| Words that clarify meaning by narrowing what is understood from a general category to a particular item or group within that category | specific words
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| Words that appeal to the senses and help us see, hear, smell, taste or touch | concrete words
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| Words that narrow a larger category | precise words
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| Wording that is full of life, vigorous, bright and intense | vivid wording
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| A direct comparison of dissimilar things | simile
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| A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared | metaphor
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| The weight or importance given to certain words or ideas | emphasis
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| Specifying the time or time period that a fact was true or known to be true | dating information
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| The mental and verbal practice of acknowledging the presence of individual differences when voicing generalizations | indexing generalizations
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| Choosing language and symbols that are adapted to the needs, interests, knowledge, and attitudes of the listeners and avoiding language that alienates | speaking appropriately
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| Technical terms understood only by select groups | jargon
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| Informal vocabulary used by particular groups in society | slang
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| Using words that may apply to only one sex, race or other group as though they represent everyone | generic language
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| Terms are changed because of the sex, race or other characteristic of the individual | nonparallel language
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| The addition of sex, race, age, or other designations to a description | marking
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| Bodily actions and vocal qualities that typically accompany a verbal message | nonverbal behaviors
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| The interpretation of body motions used in communication | kinesics
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| Movements of our hands, arms, and fingers that we use to describe or emphasize | gestures
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| Gestures that augment a verbal message | illustrators
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| Gestures that substitute for words | emblems
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| Gestures that respond to a physical need | adaptors
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| How and how much we look at people with whom we are communicating | eye contact or gaze
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| The arrangement of facial muscles to communicate emotional states or reactions to messages | facial expressions
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| Typed symbols that convey emotional aspects of an online message | emoticons
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| The position and movement of the body | posture
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| Posture in relation to another person | body orientation
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| The interpretation of touch | haptics
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| The interpretation of the message based on the paralinguistic features | vocalics
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| The voiced but not verbal part of a spoken message | paralanguage
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| The highness or lowness of the vocal tone | pitch
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| The loudness or softness of the tone | volume
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| The speed at which a person speaks | rate
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| The sound of a person’s voice | quality
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| The variety, melody or inflection in one’s voice | intonation
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| Extraneous sounds or words that interrupt the fluent speech | vocalized pauses
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| The interpretation of a person’s use of space | proxemics
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| The distance you try to maintain when you interact with other people | personal space
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| The physical environment over which you exert control | physical space
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| Objects and possessions we use to decorate the physical space we control | artifacts
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| Round and heavy body type | endomorph
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| Muscular and athletic body type | mesomorph
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| Lean and little muscle development | ectomorph
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| The interpretation of a person’s use of time | chronemics
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| A time orientation that emphasizes doing one thing at a time | monochronic time orientation
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| A time orientation that emphasizes doing multiple things at once | polychronic time orientation
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