AP Euro History Ch21
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| 1. Congress of Vienna | In september of 1814, the Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet with Louis XVIII and arrange a final peace settlement
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| 2. Klemens von Metternick | leader of the congress of vienna, Austrian foreign minister and prince
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| 3. "legitimacy" | the idea that after the Napoleonic wars, peace could best be reestablished in Europe by restoring legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions
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| 4. balance of power | a distribution of power among several states such that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interestd of another
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| 5. Edmund Burke and conservatism | Burke maintained that society was a contract, he advised against the violent overthrow of a government by revolution
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| 6. Joseph de Maistre and conservatism | epoused the restoration of hereditary monarchy, which he regarded as a divinely sanctioned institution. Only absolute monarchy could guarantee "order in society" and avoid the chaos created by movements like the french revolution.
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| 7. Concert of Europe | a means to maintain the new status quo they had constructed
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| 8. the congress system | was called in the autumn of 2830 to deal with the outbreak of the revolution in Spain and Italy
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| 9. Latin America revolts | When the Bourbon monarchy of Spanin was toppled by Napoleon, Spanish authority in its colonial empire was weakened. The disintegration of royal power in Argentina led to the nation's independence
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| 10. Monroe Doctrine | guaranteeing the independence of the new Latin American nations and warning against any further European intervention in the New World
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| 11. Greek rovolt | against their Ottoman Turkish masters, the greeks were allowed to keep their language and Orthodox faith. Ottomans let Russia, France, and Britain to decide their fate, Greece became independent
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| 12. Britain's Tories and Whigs | the two political factions in parliment. Whigs recieved support from industrial middle class and tories dominated the government until 1830
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| 13. Corn laws and the Peterloo massacre | placed extraordinary high tariffs on foreign grain; The death of eleven people by government detractors during a protest meeting
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| 14. Louis XVIII and Charles X | The initiative passed to the ultraroyalists in 1824 when Louis died and was succeeded by his brother, court of Artios {Charles)
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| 15. Carbonari | nationalistic dreams ("charcoal burners")
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| 16. Germanic confederation | had little power, came to serve as Metternich's instrument to repress revolutionary movements within the German States
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| 17. Burschenschaften | student societies dedicated to fostering the goal of a free, united Germany
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| 18. the Decembrist revolt | the military leaders rebelled against the accession of Nicolas
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| 19. Tsar Nicholas I | Strengthened bothe the bureaucracy and the secret police, had a fear of revolution
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| 20. classical economics | an ideology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible
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| 21. Thomas Malthus | enhanced the case against government interference in economic matters
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| 22. David Ricardo's "iron law of wages" | argued that an increase in population means more workers, more workers in turn cause wages to fall below the subsistence level
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| 23. John Struat Mill | an english pholosiher and also one of the most prominent advocates of liberalism in the nineteenth century
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| 24. On the Subjection of Women | argued that "the legal subordination of one sex to the other" was wrong
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| 25. utopian socialism | against private property and the competitive spirit of the early industrial capitalism
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| 26. Charles Fourier's phalansteries | proposed the creation of small model communities
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| 27. Robert Owen's New Lanark | he was successful in transforming a squalid factory town into a flourishing, healthy community
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| 28. Louis Blanc and Flora Tristan | offered a socialist approach to a better society; envisioned absolute equality as the only hope to free the working class and transform civilization
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| 29. France's July Revolution of 1839 | Barraceds went up in Paris as a provisional governmet led by a group of moderate, propertied liberals was hastily formed and appealed to Louis-Philippe, duke of orleans, cousin of Charles X, to become the constitional king of France.
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| 30. parties of Movement and Resistance | led by Adolphe Thiers, favored ministrial responsibility, the pursuit of an active forreign polcy, and limited expansion of the franchise
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| 31. Reform Act of 1832 | gave explicit recongition to the changes wrought in British life by the Industrial Revolution. It disfranchised 56 rotten broughs and enfranchised 42 new towns and cities and reapportioned others
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| 32. revolutions of 1848 | Scandals, graft, and corruption were rife, and the governments persistent refusal to extend the suffrage angered the disfranchised members of the middle class.
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| 33. France's Second Republic | The new constitution established a republic witha unicameral legislature of 750 elected by universal male suffrage, for 3 years and a resident, also for 4 years
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| 34. Frankfurt Assembly | aroused controversy by claiming to be the government for all of Germany
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| 35. Louis Kossuth | The Hungarian liberals were willing to keep the Habsburg monarch but wanted their own legislature
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| 36. Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy | a dedicated Italian nationalist who founded an organization (Young Italy; creation of a united Italian republic)
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| 37. Jacksonian Democracy | Suffrage had been extended to almost all white males
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| 38. serjents, "bobbies," and schutzmannschaft | a state financed police force, modeled after the London police, was established for the city of Berlin
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| 39. London Mechanics' Institute | established in Britain, is an example of the approach to the "dangerous classes"
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| 40. Romanticism | tried to balance the use of reason by stressing the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as the source of knowing
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| 41. Goethe's The Sarrows of Young Werther | numerous novels and plays appeared whose plots revolved around young maidens tragically carried off at an early age by disease to the sarrow and sadness of their male lovers
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| 42. Brothers Grimm | collected and published local fairy tales
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| 43. Sir walter Scott | his novels became Europe's best-sellers
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| 44. neo-gothic architecture | Used by Romantics to emphasze the bizarre and unusual, es[ecially evident in horror stories
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| 45. Nary Shelley's Frankenstein | the story of a mad scientist who brings into being a humanlike monster that goes berserk
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| 46. Perecy Bysshe Shelly and Lord Byron | Both died fighting for what they believed in. Shelly was against the laws and customs that opressed him; Byron participated in a movement for greek independence
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| 47. William Wordsworth | His experience of nature was almost mystical as he claimed to receive "authentic tidings of invisible things"
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| 48. Casper David Friedrich, J.M.W. Turner and Eugene Delacroix | painted landscapes and nature, used light and color to suggest natural effects, fascinated by the exotic
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| 49. Ludwig von Beethoven and Hecter Berlioz | one of the few composers to singlehandedly transform the art of music, one of the most outstanding, one of the founders of program music
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| 50. Chateaubriand's Genius of Christianity | the "bible of romanticism" His defense of catholicism was based not on historical, theological, or even rational grounds but largely of Romantic sentiment
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