Second exam Micro
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Spore forming bacterium that is found ubiquitously in the soil | Bacillus
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| Involved in biological warfare, is a zoonotic disease and is a spore former | Bacillus anthracis
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| What are the 3 diffrent types of anthrax? | 1. Cutaneous 2. Gastrointestinal 3. Inhalation (lungs)
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| Cutnaneous anthrax is characterized with what type of lesion? | Eschar (black, necrotic)
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| Inhalation anthrax aka what? | Wool-sorter's disease
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| Most common type of anthrax? | Cutaneous
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| classically noted for being produced in rice | Bacillus cereus
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| What are the two classifications of bacillus cereus? | 1. Heat stable 2. Heat-sensitive (labile)
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| T or F Bacillus cereus does not form spores | False!
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| The heat-stable variety of bacillus spores flurish in what location? Heat sensitive? | 1. In the rice (especially if the food is quickly cooled) 2. In the gut after ingestion of the spores
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| Listeria monocytogenes grows in _____ across a wide range of pH. | Refridgerated foods
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| What type of temperature does listeria like? | Canada weather....cold!
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| Where is listeria found? | SoilWaterUncooked meatsUnpaturized cheese or milkUnwashed veggies
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| Unborn babies, Newborn babies, Pregnant woman, Elderly, Organ transplant people, Cancer patients : what types of foods these people should avoid like the plague? | Any type of food that could contain listeria: Uncooked meatsUnpaturized cheese or milkUnwashed veggies
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| 1.What is the neonatal diseases associated with listeria? 2.Potential complication? | 1. Listeriosis 2. Meningitis
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| This is the forth most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults? (This means that not only neonates can get this but adults also) | Listeria
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| How do you prevent the propagation of listeria? | 1. Pasturize the milk2. Avoid high risk foods3. Wash your veggies!
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| T or F: Garderella vaginalis is part of the woman's normal flora | sure
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| What kind of cells are associated with garderella vaginalis? | Clue cells
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| Garderella vaginalis results from ____ NOT an infection | Imbalance in the natural flora
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| Hallmark symptom of garderella vaginalis? | Foul, fishy smell
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| 1. Vaginal pH more that 7 = ? 2. Vaginal pH less than 7 = ? | 1. Garderella vaginalis 2. Yeast infection
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| Is garderella vaginalis an STD | Fuck no... she just said it so i made a card for it.
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| Babes-Ernst bodies are Pavlov for what? | Corynebacterium diphtheriae (diphtheria)
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| Why is diphtheria potentially so dangerous? | Interferes with RNA synthesis and protein production... you die!
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| What vaccine are children given to protect them against diphtheria? | DTaP vaccine
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| What is the test associated with diphtheria? | Shick test
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| What is contained in the DTaP vaccine? | Toxoids
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| What are the two types of actinomycetes? | 1. Nocardia 2. Actinomyces
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| 4 types of nocardia | 1. Acute and chronis suppurative 2. Bronchiopulmonary3. Cutaneous4. Actinomycotic mycetoma
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| Actinomycotic mycetoma aka what? | Madura foot
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| 2 types of thermophilic actinomycetes | 1. Farmer's lung2. Whipples disease
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| Hypersensitivity reaction due to repeated exposure to organisms...patients may develop granulomatous tissues in the lungs with repeated exposure | Farmer's lung
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| T or F: Farmer's lung is a very resistant infection | False! It is not an infection, it is an alergic reaction
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| Considered to be primarily a malabsorption disease | Whipple's disease
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| Whipples disease is associated with what? | Actinomycetes
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| AIDS = increase in what disease? | TB
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| TB, Leprosy (hansen's disease) and MAI fall under what broader catagory? | Mycobacterium spp.
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| TB aka what? | Consumption
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| TB infection of the vertebral column, usually in children | Pott's disease
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| What is the composition of TB? | High lipid content
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| Is TB a lifelong infection? | ya think?!
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| _____ are the only known natural resevoirs for TB | Humans
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| How do you spread TB? | Through the air...inhalation of infectious aresol or through dried sputum
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| TB is common in what type of living conditions? | Overcrowded, poorly sanitized
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| Why is one of the major reason's we pasturize milk? | TB can be transmitted from cow to human
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| Primary lesion of TB | Ghon focus
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| Initial infection of TB is where? | Lungs
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| In TB, ____ ____ gather at the site of infection to wall off the bacteria and prevent further spread of infection | Activated macrophages
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| In TB, these can be penetrated by activated macrophages, which are able to kill all the bacteria within | Small granulomas
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| In TB, these become necrotic and develop a fibrous capsule which protects the bacteria from being killed by the macrophage | Large granulomas
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| What happens if the granuloma can no longer contain the infection? | Active TB will develop
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| The primary lesion of pulmonary TB is called what? | Ghon's focus
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| This occurs when TB spreads from the lungs to the bloodstream and then infects the spine | Pott's disease
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| Leprosy AKA what? | Hansen's disease
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| What species can contract leprosy? | Humans and Armadillos
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| This causes chronic infection of the skin and peripheral nerves | Leprosy
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| T or F: Immune compromise is required for leprosy to occur | True
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| 3 forms of leprosy | 1. Lepromatous leprosy 2.Tuberculoid leprosy3.Intermediate "pretty" leprosy
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| Progressive, disfiguring, malignant form of leprosy | Lepromatous leprosy
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| Localized form of leprosy...infection is limited to one area of skin | Tuberculoid leprosy
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| Leprosy that pulls skin tight (leaving no wrinkles) | Intermediate or "pretty" leprosy
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| Where do you find the most abundant source of mycobacterium leprae in the infected host? | Nasal mucosa
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| T or F: Leprosy has no cure | False!
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| 1. Clostridium exists are part of our normal flora in our _____. 2. What triggers sporulation? | 1. GI tract 2. oxygen
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| Clostridium: 1. Ability to survive harsh conditions by the production of ___.2. Rapid growth within host tissues under ___ conditions.3. Production of ___. | 1. Spores2. Anaerobic3. Toxins
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| Clostridium perfringens can cause what? | Food poisoning
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| What types of toxins are produced by clostridium perfringens? (4) | 1. Alpha toxins2. Beta toxins3. Epsilon and iota toxins4. Enterotoxins
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| This toxin produces necrosis, especially in the GI tract. | Beta toxin
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| These toxins increase vascular permiability of the GI wall | Epsilon and iota toxins
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| 1. This toxin is produced in the gut during sporulation. 2. Is it heat labile or stable? | 1. Enterotoxins2. Labile
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| Gas gangerine aka what? | Myonecrosis
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| C. perfringens serotype A, typically from the ____, is associated with what? (3) | 1. Soil2. Gas gangerene, Cellulitis or faciitis and food poisoning
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| Meat that had been slowly or inadequatly cooked will likely cause what type of food poisoning? | Clostridial food poisoning
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| C. perfringens serotype A: toxin or infection? | Infection
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| C. perfringens serotype C: toxin or infection? | Toxin
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| Clostridial food poisoning: toxin or infection? | Infection
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| Gas gangerene: toxin or infection? | Infection
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| 1. C. perfringens, serotype C causes what?2. Toxin or infection? | 1. Enteritis necroticans2. Toxin!
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| Enteritis necroticans is to to the ___ which is typically produced by C. Perfringens serotype C. | Beta-toxin
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| Most toxic toxin ever in the history of the universe is what? | Botulism... 1 gram can kill everyone in the US
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| This guy is found in normal flora but when we take take antibiotics and wipe out normal flora, it can be problematic. | Clostridium difficile
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| C. difficile is found in the ___ of humans. | GI tract
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| 1. Clinical condition associated with C. difficile.2. AKA what? | 1. Antibiotic associated colitis 2. Pseudomembranous colitis
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| Treatment drug for C. difficile | Vancomycin
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| Clostridium botulinum: toxin or infection? Heat stable or labile? | 1. Toxin (most dangerous toxin EVAR!) 2. Labile
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| T or F: C. Botulinum is an aerobic spore former | False -- Anaerobic
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| Types of toxins produced by clostridum botulinum (3) | A, B and E
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| A, B and E toxins target what part of the human anatomy> | Cholenergic nerves
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| 1. When A, B and E toxins attack cholenergic nerves, what is the result? 2. Why? | 1. Flaccid paralysis2. Neurotransmission is blocked
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| For food born botulism, specific conditions must exist for the toxin to be produced...name 3 | 1. Neutral pH2. Anaerobic conditions3. Must have viable spores
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| Since food born botulism is heat labile, what must we do to get rid of it? | Thoroughly cook the food... go figure
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| 1. Can you recover from food born botulism? 2. what must happen? | 1. Yes2. Regeneration of the damaged nerve endings... may take years
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| Symptoms include "floppy baby", poor muscle tone and failure to thrive. | Infant botulism
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| 1. Never feed a baby what? 2. Why? | 1. Honey 2. Lots of C. botulinum spores
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| 1. Clostridium tetani: toxin or infection? 2. What type of paralysis? | 1. toxin2. Spastic
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| Clostridium tetani cause what gang? | Tetanus...very good!
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| Second most potent biological toxin known | Tetanus
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| Why do you get spastic paralysis with tetanus? | The toxin blocks the release of neurotransmitters at the inhibitory synapse which results in continued excitatory synaptic activity
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| Which is faster acting: Clostridium tetani or Clostridium botulinum? | Botulinum... Tetani can take days to months to show symptoms
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| Trismus, lockjaw, sardonic smile or risus sardonicus are all pavlov for what? | Tetanus (clostridium tetani)
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| 3 types of tetanus | 1. Localized tetanus2. Cephalic tetanus3. neonatal tetanus
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| What does vaccination with the tetanus toxoid do? | Antibodies neutralize toxin to prevent interaction with synaptic tissue
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| What vaccination is given for tetanus? | DPT... the T part of that vaccine
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| Acne can cause what? | Actinomyces
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| Acne is derived from what microorganism? | Propionibacterium acnes
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| All gram negative bacteria have what? | ENDOTOXINS!
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| Neisseria is gram negative or positive? | Negative (hence it has an endotoxin)
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| Neisseria gonorrhoeae aka what? | Gonococcus
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| Females present symptoms in which manner for gonorrhoeae? | Often assymptomatic
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| Gonorrhoeae left untreated in female can cause what? | Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
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| What type of parasite is gonorrhoeae? | Obligate parasite
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| What is the battle strategy of gonorrhoeae that allows it to invade our bodies? | Cleaves IgA in muccous (therefor protecting it from cell mediated clearance)
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| People who have a deficiency in there ___ ___ ___ are more at riskto become infected once exposed to gonorrhoeae and are at a greater risk systemic disease once infected. | Compliment mediated immunity
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| 2nd most reported STD in the US? 1st? | 1. gonorrhoeae 2. Chlamydia
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| If exposed to gonorrhoeae, who has a higher risk of contracting it: men or woman? | Woman
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| Signs and symptoms: gonorrhoeae: men:1. primarily located in the ____2. Painful ____3. Large amount of ___ discharge | 1. Urethra2. Urination3. Purulent
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| Gonorrhoeae: woman:1. Primarily targets the ____2. Symptoms include what? (3) | 1. cervix2. Vaginal discharge, dysuria and abdominal pain
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| What race shows a higher incidence of gonorrhoeae? | African americans
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| Other complication that can be cause by gonococcus (4) | 1. Gonococcemia2. Purulent conjunctivitis3. Pharyngitis4. Anorectal gonorrhoeae
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| Meisseria meningitidis causes what? | The flu
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| Meisseria meningitidis is a gram negative diplococcus that colonizes the ___ of healthy people | Oropharynx
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| Large amounts of endotoxin stimulate an overwhelming systemic reaction called what? | Endotoxic shock
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| What is a great way to contract Meisseria meningitidis? | Through transmission by respiratory droplets (especially among people living in close contact for long periods of time)
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| Largest group of medically important bacteria | Family enterobactericae
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| Includes strict pathogens such as shigella, salmonella and yersinia | Family enterobactericae
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| Includes man normal flora organisms as well as opportunists, including escherichia, klebsiella and proteus | Family enterobactericae
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| Surface antigens of Family enterobactericae? (3) | 1. O antigen2. K antigen3. H antigen
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| Comprised of LPS terminal polysaccharide | O antigen
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| Capsular polysaccharide | K antigen
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| Flagellar subunits, aka flagellin | H antigen
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| Capsule of Family enterobactericae: 1. inhibits _____ by PMNs and macrophages 2. Covers cell wall antigen which interferes with what? 3. ______ to capsular antigens eventually develop | 1. Phagocytosis2. Antibody recognition and binding3. Protective antibodies
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| 3 virulence factors important for Family enterobactericae | 1. Capsule2. Flagella3. Fimbriae
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| 2 characteristics of the flagella of Family enterobactericae | 1. Motility2. Presence of H antigen
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| Importance of fimbriae in Family enterobactericae | Adhesion
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| Escherichia is part of the normal flora of the ____ | GI tract
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| Escherichia: _____ allow bacteria to adhere to the ____ and ____ | 1. Adhesins2. Urinary tract epithelium3. GI tract epithelium
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| Escherichia: what types of toxins? (4) | 1. Shiga and shiga-like toxins2. Hemolytic toxins3. Heat stable toxins4. Heat labile toxins
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| Potential clinical condition of Escherichia (4) | 1. Septicemia2. Urinary tract infection3. Neonatal meningitis4. Gastroenteritis
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| Typically occurs following a UTI or perforation that allows the bacteria to seep in the body's cavities. | Septecemia due to Escherichia
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| Most common type of Escherichia | E. Coli
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| A patient presenting with septecimia du to Escherichia may have a great amount of pain where? | Lower back
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| Enterotoxigenic E. coli is responsible for what clinical condition? AKA what? | Traveler's diarrhea --- Montezuma's Revenge
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| Enterohemorrhagic E. coli: 1. Most notable strain 2. Comes from where? 3. Dangerous? | 1. 0157:H7 2. Undercooked ground beef 3. Yep! can kill you
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| Largest outbreak of salmonella in US history was due to what? | Jewel Milk
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| Why do we not sell turtles as pets anymore? | Because they carry salmonella
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| 5 clinical conditions of salmonella | 1. Enteritis 2. Septicemia 3. Enteric fever 4. Asymptomatic carriage 5. Paratyphoid fever
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| Most common form of salmonellosis? Infection or toxin? | Enteritis --- Infection
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| Enteric fever aka what? | Typhoid fever
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| Through what route does salmonella travel to infect us? | Fecal-oral
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| When does salmonella become a danger? | Once it crosses into the blood stream like in typhoid fever
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| Shigellosis aka what? | Bacillary dysentery
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| 1. Shigella is found in humans but mostly affects who? can run rampid where? | 1. Children 2. Daycares
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| Infection of shigella is mainly through the ______ route | Fecal-oral
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| Hallmark symptoms of shigellosis | Lower abdominal crfamps and tenesmus with pus and blood in the stool
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| How do we prevent the spread of shigella | Wash your hands dammit!
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| In yersinia what is the vector and what is the resevoir? | Vector = Flea Resevoir = rat
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| Yersinia was responsible for what pandemic? | Plague, Black death
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| 3 types of plagues and what part of the body is affected | 1. Bobonic (Lymph nodes) 2. Pneumonic (Lungs) 3. Septicemic (Blood)
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| Which of the plagues is the only one that can be spread human to human? | Pneumonic
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| 1. Who does klebsiella pneumonia mostly affect? 2. Where is it most likely to run rampant? | 1. compromised hosts and alcoholics 2. Hospital (Nosocomial)
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| What is the second most common cause of UTIs? | Proteus
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| What did she say about serratia marcescens? | She said they were cute cause they are pink
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| Where is serratia marcescens most likely to grow? | In soap scum (bathroom)
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| Vibrio cause what? | Cholera, gastrointeritis and wound infections
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| Hallmark of cholera | Rice-water stools
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| Types of vibrio | Vibrio cholera, halophilic vibrio
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| Most common cause of bacterial diarrheal gastroenteritis in the US | Camphylobacter jejuni
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| Serious complication that can result from camphylobacter jejuni | Guillaine-Barre syndrome
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| Causes ulcers (found where?) | Helicobacteria (stomach acid)
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| Where do you find alot of pseudomonas? | Hot tubs!! ewww
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| If you don't control haemophilus influenza, what can result? | Meningitis and middle ear infection
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| 1 Old vaccine that was given to prevent haemophilus influenza? 2. New vaccine contains what? | 1. Hib vaccine 2. prp capsular antigen complex with a protein
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| Haemophilus influenza biotype aegyptius aka what? | Koch-Week's bacillus (pink eye)
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| Haemophilus ducreyi is a what? | STD
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| 1. Bordetella pertussis aka what? 2. What vaccine is given? 3. Kills who? 4. Toxin or infection? | 1. Whooping cough 2. DPT vaccine 3. Mostly infants in the first couple months of life 4. Toxin
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| Clinical condition associated whit Francisella? AKA what? | 1. Tularemia 2. Rabbit fever or Glandular fever
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| Clinical condition associated with Brucella? AKA what? (2) | 1. Brucellosis 2. Undulant fever or Bang's disease
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| 2 clinical conditions associated with legionella | 1. Pontiac fever 2. Legionnaire disease
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| Legionnaire's disease is a sever form of what? | Pneumonia
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| 1. Bartonella is a vector born bacterium that is carried by what? 2. Originally recognized as the cause of what? | 1. Body lice.. ewww 2. Trench fever (WW1)
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