Chapter 3 Terms
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| Cells | the smallest unit, or the building blocks of all living things
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| Cells are mainly made of what 4 elements? | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
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| Nucleus | the control center of the cell containing genetic information
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| Nuclear Membrane | also called nuclear envelope; a double membrane barrier around the nucleus
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| Nucleoli | one or more small, darkstaining, round bodies, where ribosomes are assembled
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| Chromatin | Loose network of bumpy threads scattered throughout the nucleus
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| Chromosomes | chromatin threads that coil and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies
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| Plasma Membrane | a fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cells contents and separates them from the surrounding environment. Also called cell membrane
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| Microvilli | tiny fingerlike projections that greatly increase the cell's surface area for absorption
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| Tight Junctions | impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets that prevent substances from passing through
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| Desmosomes | anchoring junctions that prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart
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| Gap Junctions | neighboring cells are connected by connexons allowing communication between cells
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| Cytoplasm | the cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
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| 3 Major Elements of Cytoplasm... | the cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
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| Cytosol | semitransparent fluid that suspends the other elements
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| Organelles | metabolic machinery of the cell, each carry out a specialized function
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| Inclusions | not functioning units, are instead chemical substances that may or may not be present
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| Mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell, much of cellular metabolism occurs here, provides ATP for cellular energy
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| Ribosomes | tiny, dark bodies made of proteins, are sites of protein synthesis in the cell
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | (ER) a system of fluid-filled cisterns(tubules, or canals) that coil and twist through the cytoplasm
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| Rough ER | contains ribosomes, building materials of cell membrane are formed
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| Smooth ER | functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs
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| Golgi Apparatus | sorts, modifies, and packages proteins; contain secretory vessicles
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| Lysosomes | contain powerful digestive enzymes to digest worn-out or nonusable cell structures and foreign substances in the cell
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| Peroxisomes | membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful or poisonous substances
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| Free Radicals | highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids
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| Cytoskeleton | an elaborate network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
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| Intermediate Filaments | help form desmosomes and provide internal guy wires to resist pulling forces on the cell
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| Microfilaments | involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape
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| Microtubules | determine the overall shape of a cell and the distribution of organelles
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| Centrioles | rod-shaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other; internally they are made up of fine microtubules
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| Cilia | whiplike celular extensions that move substances along the cell surface
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| Flagella | propels the cell itself
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| Membrane Transport | movement of materials into and out of the cell
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| Solution | a homogeneous mixture of two or more components
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| Solvent | the substance present in the largest amount in a solution
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| Solutes | components or substances present in smaller amounts
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| Intracellular Fluid | fluid within the cell
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| Interstitial Fluid | fluid between cells
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| Selectively Permeable | a barrier allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others
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| Passive Transport | substances are transported across the membrane without any energy input from the cell
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| Active Transport | the cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) that drives the transport process
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| Diffusion | particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution. Movement is from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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| Simple Diffusion | solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through the membrane pores
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| Osmosis | the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane such as the plasma membrane
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| Facilitated Diffusion | substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
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| Filtration | the process in which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid pressure or hydrostatic pressure
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| 2 Common Forms of Active Transport are... | solute pumping and bulk transport
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| Exocytosis | moves substances out of the cell
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| Endocytosis | extracellular substances are engolfed into the cell in a membranous vessicle
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| 2 Types of Endocytosis are... | phagocytosis and pinocytosis
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| Phagocytosis | cell eating
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| Pinocytosis | cell drinking
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| Cell Life Cycle | a series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it divides
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| 2 Major Periods of Cell Life Cycle | Interphase and cell division
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| Interphase | Cell grows and carries on metabolic processes; DNA is replicated
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| Cell Division | Mitosis; to produce more cells for growth and repair processes
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| Stages of Mitosis | Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
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| Gene | a DNA segment that carries the information for building one protein or polypeptide chain
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| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | small cloverleaf shaped molecules
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| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | helps form the ribosomes, where proteins are built
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| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | carry the "messege" containing instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA gene in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
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| Transcription | the transfer of information from DNA's base sequence into the complementary base sequence of mRNA
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| Translation | the language of nucleic acids is "translated" into the language of proteins
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| Tissues | groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
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| 4 Primary Tissue Types | epithelium, connective, nervous, and muscular
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| Epithelium Tissue | the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body
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| Epithelium Functions are... | protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion
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| Epithelium Characteristics... | cells fit closely together; tissue layer always has one free surface; the lower surface is bound by a basement membrane; it is avascular (no blood supply); regenerate easily if well nourished
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| Epithelium Classifications.. | number of cell layers; simple - one layer; stratified - more than one layer
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| Epithelium Classification | Shape: squamous-flattened, cuboidal-cube-shaped, columnar-column like
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| Simple Squamous | single layer of flat cells; usually forms membranes; lines body cavities; lines lungs and capillaries
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| Simple Cuboidal | single layer of cube like cells; common in glands and their ducts; forms walls of kidney tubules; covers the ovaries
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| Simple Columnar | single layer of tall cells; often includes goblet cells which produce mucus; lines digestive tract
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| Pseudostratified | Single layer, but may look like a double cell layer; Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract; May function in absorption or secretion
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