fundamentals of speech terms
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| the person who originates the message | source
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| individual or group that hears and listens to the message sent by the source | receiver
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| the facial expression seen, the words heard, the visual aids illustrated, and the ideas or meanings conveyed simultaneously between source and receiver | message
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| words the souce chose for the speech | verbal messages
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| movements, gestures, facial expression, and vocal variations that can reinforce or contradict the words | nonverbal messages
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| the means of distributing your words, whether by coaxial cable, fiber optics, microwave, radio, air | channel
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| verbal and non vebrbal responses by the audience | feedback
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| time, place, and occasion in which the message sending and receiving occurs | situation
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| interference of obstacles to communication | noise
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| the dynamic interrelationship of course, receiever, message, channel, feedback, sitaution, and noise | process of communication
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| transaction in which speaker and listener simultaneously send, receieve, and intepret messages | communication
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| an offense punishable by no poinyd, a low grade, suspension, or dismissal from college, using a speech, outline, or manuscript from any source | plagairism
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| the audiences perception of your effectiveness as a communicator | source credibility
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| pointing out what features you share with your audience | common ground
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| degree to which the audience percieves the presenter as honest and honorable | trustworthiness
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| thorough familiarity with your topic | competence
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| the energy you expend in delivering your message | dynamism
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| interpreting sounds as a message | listening
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| an individuals level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticpated communication with another person or persons | communication apprehension
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| describes essential skills associated with public dialogue and communication | five canons of rhetoric
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| art of finding information | invention
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| pictures or diagrams that allow you to visualize main and subordinate ideas related to a more general topic | concept maps
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| arrangement and structure of a presentation | disposition
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| the use and ornamentation of a language | style
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| createive and artful use of language | ornamentation
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| speakers must have a strong mental awareness of the messages they intend to present | memory
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| mode of delivery that allows some preparation but does not require the presenter to script out of memorize the presentation | extemporaneous delivery
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| the verbal and nonvebral techniques used to present th message | delivery
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| one that does not allow for substantial planning and practice before the presentation is given | impromptu presentation
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| teaches audience members how soemthing works or how to perform some task | demonstration presentation
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| try to think of as many topics as you can in a limited time | brainstorming
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| begin with categores that prompt you to think of topics | categorical brainstorming
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| consider features of your life such as experiences, attitudes, values, beliefs, interests, and skills | personal inventory
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| items that you find in the news, on the media, and in the minds of people in your audience | current topics
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| seeks to increase the audiences level of understanding or knowledge about a topic | speech to inform
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| seeks to influence, reinforce, or modify the audience members feelings, attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors | speech to persuade
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| presentation that highlights a special even | special occasion speech
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| summary of the speech | thesis statement
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| discovering as much as possible about an audience for the purpose of improving communication with them | audience analysis
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| popular opinions of the time about issues, styles, topics, teends, and social mores, the customary set of understanding of what is true or right | conventional wisdom
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| include gender composition, age, ethnicitiy, economic status, occupation and education | demographics
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| people who are united through "language, historical origins, nation state, or cultural systems" | ethnicity
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| groups that are similar to the large culture but are disinguished by background, beliefes, and behaviors | co-cultures
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| the common concept of reality shared by a particular group of people | worldview
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| watching and listening | observation
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| inquiries about your audiecne directed at and audience member | interviews
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| surveys of audience opinions | questionnaires
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| questions that require more than a yes or no answer | open-ended questions
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| require a yes or no answer | closed-ended questions
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| ask to what extent a respondent agrees or disagrees with a statement | degree questions
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| your own life as a source of information | personal experience
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| data which proof may be based | evidence
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| a librarian specifically trained to help find sources of information | reference librarian
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| database containing information about books, journals, and other resources in the library | electronic catalog
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| sources of information that are publishd at regular intervals | periodicals
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| website on the internet that is specifically designed to help you search for information | search engine
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| complete citations that appear in the references or works cited section of your speech outline | bibliographical reference
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| brief notations of which biblographical reference contains the details you are using in your speech | internal reference
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| tells listeners who the source is, how recent the info is, and the sources qualifications | oral citation
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| information you can use to substantiate your arguments and clarify your positions | supporting material
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| a study in which a limited number of questions are answered by a sample of the population to discover opinions on issues | surveys
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| specific instances used to illustrate your point | examples
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| statements made by an ordinary person that substantiate or support what you say | lay testimony
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| statements made by someone who has special knowledge about an issue or an idea | expert testimony
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| statements made by a public figure who is known to the audience | celebrity testimony
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| numbers such as totals, differences, percentages averages that summarize data or provice scientific evidence of relationhips between two or more things | statistics
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| comparison of things in some respects, especially in position or function that are otherwise dissimilar | analogy
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| determinations of meaning through description , simplificayion, examples, analysis, comparison, explaination or illustration | definitions
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| intentional or unintentional use of information fro one ore more sources without fully divulging how much information is directly quoted | incrmental plagarism
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| a source advocation one position will present an argument from the opposide viewpoint and then go on the refute that argument | two-sided argument
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| you repeat words and phrases and use the same parts of speech for each item | parallel construction
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| states the order of events as they actually occur | time-sequence patterm
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| demonstrartes how items are related in space | spatial relations patterm
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| describes or explains the causes and consequences | cause-effect patterns
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| highly versatile organizatrional patterm, simply divides a topic into inter related parts | topic sequence patterns
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| depicting an issue or situation | problem-solution pattern
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| includes five specific components: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action | monroe's motivated sequence
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| statements or words that bridge previous parts of the presentation to the next part | transition
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| reveal where the speaker is going | signposts
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| informs listeners of your next point or points and are more detailed than transitions | internal previews
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| remind listeners of your last point or points and are more detailed then transitions | internal reviews
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| allows you to indicate which material is more important and which is less important through ndentation and symbols | principle of subordination
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| states that if a point is to be divided, it must have at least two subpoints | principle of division
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| states that main points, sub points and sub-subpoints must use the same grammmatical and syntactical forms | principle of parallelism
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| final outline in complete sentence form | formal sentence outline
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| list of courses consulted and the sourses actually used in the presentation | bibiography
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| brief outline with cue words that you can use during the delivery of your presentation | word outline
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| you make your audience pctive participants in your presentation | audience participation
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| key outline with cue words that you can use during the delivery of your presentation | key word outline
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| the beginning of your presentation | introduction
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| tells the audience how you are going to cover the topic | forecasting
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| warns the audience that you are about to stop | brake light function
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| remind the audience of the thesis of your message | instant replay function
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| state the response you seek from the audience | action ending function
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| one in which a presenter has committed a presentation to memory | memorized mode
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| when a presenter writes out the complete presentastion in advance and then uses that amnuscript to deliver the speech but without memorizing | manuscript mode
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| a brief silence for effect | pause
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| way of delaying with sound | vocalized pause
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| the speed of delivery | rate
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| how long something lasts | duration
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| tempo of the speech | rhythm
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| the reprtition of the intitial sounds of words | alliteration
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| highness or lowness of a speakers voice, its upward and downward inflection the melody produced by the voice | pitch
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| the relative loudness or softness of your voice | volume
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| adjusting your volume appropriately for the subject, the audience, and the situation | projection
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| the pronunciation and articulation of words | enunciation
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| the production of the sounds of the word | pronunciation
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| the physiological process of creating the sounds | articulation
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| mistaking one word for another | malapropisms
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| the smoothness of delivery, the flow od words, and the absence of vocalized pauses | fluency
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| they represent the concrete and objective reality of objects and things as well as abstract ideas | symbolic
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| our language determines to some extent how we think about and view the world | sapir-whorf hypothesis
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| simplification standing for a person or thing | abstraction
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| people who study words and meaning | semanticists
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| the degree to which words become separated from concrete or senes reality | level of abstraction
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| tend to be specific, narrow, particular, and based on what you can sense | concrete words
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| direct, explicit meaning or reference of a word | denotative meaning
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| idea suggested by a word other than its explicit meaning | connatative meaning
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| shows how much one thing is like another | comparison
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| shwos how unlike one thing is from another | contrast
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| uses words to reveal facts | literal language
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| compares one concept to another analogous but different concept | figurative language
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| language that does not leave out groups of people | inclusive language
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| the misjudging of an individual by asusming that he or she has the characteristics of some group-that every single individual is just exactly liek the others | stereotype
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| words that mean more or less the same thing | synonyms
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| words that are opposite in meaning | antonyms
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| origin of a word | etymology
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| kind of overstatement or use of a word or words that axaggerates the actual situation | hyperbole
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| describiging a complex issue as a simple one | oversimplification
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| your point of view or perception | perspective
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| resources other than the speaker that stimulate listeners and help them comprehend and remember the presenters message | sensory aids
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| any observable resoucres used to enhance, explain, aor suppplement the presenters message | visual aids
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| the use of words accompanied by other sensory stimuli | dual coding
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| digital or electronic sensory resources that combine text graphics viideo and sound into one package | media materials
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| relies primarily on words and phrases to show the audience members information | text slide
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| use text and or numbers to efficiently summrize compare annd contrast information | tables
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| used to visually display quantiative or statistical information | charts
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| illustrate differences between categories of infornmation | bar and column charts
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| illustrate trends in quantitative data | line charts
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| used to show percentages of a whole | pie charts
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| diagrams that represent a hierarchial structuce or process | flowcharts
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| scaled representations of an actual object or objects | models
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| one that increases an audiences knowledge about a subject or that helps the audience learn more about an issue or idea | informative presentation
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| generate desire for information | information hunger
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| generalizations to be remembered | main ideas
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| details that support the generalizations | subordinate ideas
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| an overt indication of understanding | behavioral response
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| the ability to percieve and express that which is amusing or comical | humor
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| the ability to perceive and express humorously the relationship or similarity between seeminlt inconrguous or disparate things | wit
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| a psychological or physical reinforcement to increase an audiences response to information given in a presentation | reward
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| revealing the presenter intended meaning of a term especially if the term is technical, scientific, controversial or not commonly used | defining
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| evokes the meaning of a person, a place, an object or an experience by telling about its size weight color texture smell or your feelings about it | describing
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| reveals how something works, why something occurred, or how something should be evaluated | explaining
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| showing the audience an object, a person, or a place, showing the audience how something works, how to do something, or showing the audience why something occurs | demonstrating
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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