Living In The Environment 16th Ed. Ch. 3&4 vocab.
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| biomass | the dry weight of all organic matter contained in its organisms.
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| carnivores | animal that feeds on other animals.
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| community | consists of all the populations of different species that live in a particular place
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| consumers | cannot produce the nutrients they need through photosynthesis or other processes and must obtain their nutrients by feeding on other organisms (producers or other consumers) or their remains.
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| decomposers | Organism that digests parts of dead organisms.
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| herbivores | plant-eating organism.
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| habitat | The place where a population or an individual organism normally lives is its habitat.
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| omnivores | such as pigs, foxes, cockroaches, and humans, play dual roles by feeding on both plants and animals.
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| population | is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same place at the same time.
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| primary consumers | animals such as rabbits, grasshoppers, deer, and zooplankton that eat producers, mostly by feeding on green plants.
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| producers | make the nutrients they need from compounds and energy obtained from their environment.
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| secondary consumers | organism that feeds only on primary consumers
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| species | For a group of sexually reproducing organisms, a species is a set of individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring.
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| trophic level | Ecologists assign every organism in an ecosystem to a feeding level, or trophic level, depending on its source of food or nutrients.
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| adaptation, or adaptive trait | any heritable trait that enables an individual organism to survive through natural selection and to reproduce more than other individuals under prevailing environmental conditions.
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| background extinction | Throughout most of history, species have disappeared at a low rate, called background extinction.
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| biological evolution | the process whereby earth’s life changes over time through changes in the genes of populations.
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| differential reproduction | Phenomenon in which individuals with adaptive genetic traits produce more living offspring than do individuals without such traits.
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| ecological niche | total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem.
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| endemic species | Species that are found in only one area are called endemic species and are especially vulnerable to extinction.
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| extinction | Another process affecting the number and types of species on the earth is extinction, in which an entire species ceases to exist.
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| foundation species | species that plays a major role in shaping a community by creating and enhancing a habitat that benefits other species
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| generalist species | species with a broad ecological niche.
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| geographic isolation | occurs when different groups of the same population of a species become physically isolated from one another for long periods.
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| indicator species | Species that provide early warnings of damage to a community or an ecosystem are called indicator species.
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| keystone species | species that play roles affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem.
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| mass extinction | is a significant rise in extinction rates above the background level.
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| mutations | random change in DNA molecules making up genes that can alter anatomy, physiology, or behavior in offspring.
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| native species | those species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem.
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| natural selection | Process by which a particular beneficial gene is reproduced in succeeding generations more than other genes.
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| nonnative species | Other species that migrate into or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem are called nonnative species,
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| reproductive isolation | mutation and change by natural selection operate independently in the gene pools of geographically isolated populations.
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| specialist species | Species with a narrow ecological niche.
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| speciation | Under certain circumstances, natural selection can lead to an entirely new species. In this process two species arise from one.
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| species diversity | number of different species combined with the relative abundance of individuals within each of those species in a given area.
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