Specifics on radiological studies, i.e., cystography, arthrography, etc.
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| What is an ERCP used to diagnose? | Biliary and pancreatic pathology
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| How is an ERCP performed? | Fiberoptic endoscope passed thru mouth into duodenum.
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| Where is contrast injected for an ERCP? | Common bile duct or pancreatic duct
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| IVU: Where is the CR placed for the AP Bladder position? | Perpendicular at level of iliac crest
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| What is the purpose of intravenous urography studies? | To demonstrate structure and function of urinary system.
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| IVU: Where does contrast begin to appear? | 2 - 8 minutes
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| What is intravenous urography used to diagnose? | Blunt or penetrating trauma affecting the kidneys
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| IVU: When ureteric compression is used, where is it applied? | Distal ends of ureters, centered at ASIS level.
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| IVU: When is compression contraindicated? | Urinary stones, ab mass, aneurysm, colostomy present
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| IVU: Can patients eat the night before this exam? | NPO after midnight on day of exam.
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| What is nephrotomography? | Tomography used during IVP to blur gas patterns.
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| What does nephrotomography diagnose? | Kidney stones, renal hypertension, renal cysts, tumors
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| What are some contraindications for nephrotomography? | Renal failure; contrast media sensitivity
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| IVU: For an oblique, where is the CR placed? | Perpendicular at level of iliac crests, entering 2" lateral to midline on elevated side.
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| IVU: For an oblique, how many degrees is the patient turned? | 30 degrees
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| IVU: For an oblique, what position will the kidney closer to the IR be in? | Perpendicular
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| What is cystography? | Study of the bladder with contrast
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| What is a cystography used to diagnose? | Injury to the bladder, if pelvis is fractured
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| During cystography, how is contrast injected? | Urethral catheter with retrograde technique
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| Cystography: For an AP, where is CR placed? | 5 degrees caudal to level 2 - 3" above symphysis pubis
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| Cystography: For an AP Axial, where is CR placed? | 10 - 15 degrees caudal 2" above upper border of pubic symphysis.
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| Cystography: For a lateral, where is CR placed? | Perpendicular, 2" above upper border of pubic symphysis
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| Cystography: For an AP oblique (RPO/LPO), where is CR placed? | Perpendicular, 2" above upper border of pubic symphysis and 2" medial to upper ASIS
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| Cystography: For an AP oblique (RPO/LPO),how many degrees is the patient rotated? | 40 - 60 degrees
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| Voiding Cystourethrography (Female): Where is CR placed? | 5 degrees caudal
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| Voiding Cystourethrography (Female): How is contrast injected? | Syringe fitted with blunt-nosed, soft rubber acorn is inserted into urethral orifice.
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| Voiding Cystourethrography (Male): Where is CR placed? | Superior border of pubic symphysis
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| Voiding Cystourethrography (Male): For the AP Oblique, how many degrees is the patient turned? | 35 - 40 degrees
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| Voiding Cystourethrography (Male): How is contrast injected? | Catheter is inserted through urethra.
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| Retrograde Pyelography: What positions are used? | AP (KUB), RPO, LPO
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| What is retrograde pyelography? | Contrast study to demonstrate inside of ureter and pelvis
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| What are indications for retrograde pyelography? | Ureteric stones and injuries, renal pelvis neoplasms, calculi
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| What are contraindications for retrograde pyelography? | Urethritis, stricture urethra
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| Retrograde Pyelography: How is contrast fluid injected? | Ureteric catheter is inserted into bladder. 20 - 30 ml of radioopaque contrast is injected.
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| What is cholangiography? | Radiographic study of the bile ducts with radiopaque contrast.
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| What is the purpose of surgical cholangiography? | Jaundice, patency of bile ducts, presence of calculi
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| Surgical cholangiography: Where is CR placement for an AP or AP Oblique? | Perpendicular to exposed biliary tract
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| Surgical cholangiography: How many degrees is the patient obliqued for an AP Oblique? | 15 - 20 degrees
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| Surgical cholangiography: What are breathing instructions for this exam? | Breathing is controlled by anestetist
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| Surgical cholangiography: What type of needle is used for this exam? | Chiba (skinny) needle
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| Surgical cholangiography: Another name for this. | PTC (Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography)
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| What is Myelography? | Radiologic study of the CNS situated within the vertebral canal with contrast into spinal subarachnoid space
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| What is a myelography used to diagnose? | Herniated intervertebral disks, degenerative diseases of CNS, lesions, bone fragments
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| Myelography: How is contrast injected? | Lumbar puncture at L2-L3 or L3-L4 by doctor.
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| Myelography: What type of contrast is used? | Nonionic, water-soluble
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| What is Arthrography? | Contrast study of joint and its surrounding structures.
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| What is Arthography used to diagnose? | Joint trauma, meniscal tears, arthritic deformities
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| Arthography: What type of contrast agent is used? | Negative, positive or both
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| Arthography: What is the most common view for this study? | Lateral knee with 90 degree flexion
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| What is Venography? | Contrast study of the veins.
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| What is venography used to diagnose? | Embolisms, thrombosis, varicose veins, vessel damage
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| Upper Extremity Venogram: Where is contrast injected? | Superficial vein at elbow or wrist
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| Upper Extremity Venogram: What projection is used for this study? | AP showing site of injection to superior vena cava
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| Upper Extremity Venogram: Used to diagnose what condition? | Thrombosis
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| Lower Extremity Venogram: Used to diagnose what condition? | Thrombosis in legs
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| Lower Extremity Venogram: Where is contrast injected? | Superficial vein of foot
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| Lower Extremity Venogram: What projection is used for this study? | AP with 30 degree internal rotation
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| What is Enteroclysis? | Radiographic procedure where contrast is injected into duodenum under fluoroscopic control for exam of small intestine.
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| Enteroclysis: What type of tube is used for injection? | Bilbao or Sellink tube
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| Enteroclysis: Can enemas be used to cleanse the patient's colon? | No
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| Enteroclysis: How far into the intestine is the catheter inserted? | To the end of the duodenum, near the ligament of Treitz.
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