radiographic positioning for skull exams
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| SKULL: LATERAL | Perpendicular - 2" superior to EAM
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| SKULL: TRAUMA LATERAL (DORSAL DECUBITUS) | Horizonal & perpendicular to a point 2" above EAM
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| SKULL: TRAUMA AP AXIAL (TOWNE) | 30 degrees caudal to OML or 37 degrees to IOML
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| SKULL: AP AXIAL (Towne) | Thru foramen magnum, 30 degrees caudal to OML or 37 degrees caudal to IOML. 2.5" above GLABELLA
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| SKULL: PA AXIAL (HAAS) | 25 degrees cephalic to OML, entering 1.5" below INION and exiting 1.5" above NASION
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| SKULL: PA | Perpendicular, exiting nasion
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| SKULL: PA (CALDWELL) | 15 degrees caudal, exiting nasion
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| SKULL: SMV (SCHULLER) | Perpendicular to IOML, between mandible at 3/4" anterior at EAM level
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| PARANASAL SINUSES: (LATERAL) | Perpendicular, horizontal .5" - 1" posterior to outer canthus
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| PARANASAL SINUSES: (SMV) BASAL | Perpendicular to IOML via SELLA TURCICA, 3/4" anterior to level of EAM
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| PARANASAL SINUSES: OPEN MOUTH (WATERS) | Exit acanthion
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| PARANASAL SINUSES: PARIETOACANTHIAL (WATERS) | Perpendicular, horizontal exiting acanthion
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| FRONTAL, ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL SINUSES: PA Axial (Caldwell) | Nasion at angle of 15-degrees caudal to OML
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| NASAL BONES: LATERAL | Perpendicular to bridge of nose, 1/2" distal to nasion
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| FACIAL BONES: PA (MODIFIED OR SHALLOW WATERS) | Perpendicular to exit acanthion
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| FACIAL BONES: PA AXIAL (CALDWELL) | Exit nasion at 15 degrees caudal angle
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| FACIAL BONES: PARIETOACANTHIAL (WATERS) | Perpendicular to exit acanthion
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| FACIAL BONES: LATERAL | Perpendicular into zygomatic bones, half-way betwee OUTER CANTHUS and EAM
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| ORBITS: (PA AXIAL) | Thru center of orbits at 30 degrees caudal
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| ORBITS: PARIETOACANTHIAL (MODIFIED WATERS) | Perpendicular thru mid-orbits
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| ORBITS: (LATERAL) | Perpendicular to OUTER CANTHUS
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| MANDIBLE: PA AXIAL - RAMI | Directed 20 - 25 degrees cephalic to exit ACANTHION
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| MANDIBLE: AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE | 25 degrees cephalic thru mandibular region of interest
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| MANDIBLE: SMV | Perpendicular to IOML, centered between mandible angles
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| ZYGOMATIC ARCHES: (SMV) | Perpendicular to IOML, entering MSP of throat at level 1" posterior to OUTER CANTHUS
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| MANDIBLE: PA | Perpendicular to lip level
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| TMJ: AP AXIAL | 35 degrees caudal, centered between TMJs.
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