First lecture exam
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| Four type of stimuli | 1. Mechanical deformation 2. Chemical 3. Change in temp 4. Electromagnetic
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| T or F: extremes of temperature stimulates thermoreceptors | False: stimulates nociceptors
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| Curret flows in which direction (2) | 1. the same direction of positive ion movement 2. Opposite direction of negative ion movement
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| Firing rate of a nerve increases when? | When the receptor potential gets higher above threshold
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| When we speak of relatively non adapting responses, we are refering to what adaptation? | Slow
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| Six slow adapting receptors | 1. Joint capsule 2. Muscle spindle 3. Nerkel's discs 4. Ruffini end organs 5. Nociceptors 6. free nerve endings
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| Rapidly adaptive receptors respond to what? What are three of them? | Vibration 1. Hair receptors 2. Pacinian corpuscles 3. Meisner's corposules
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| 1. Hair receptors respond to how many Hz? Pacinian corpuscles? Meisner's corpuscles? | 1. 30-40 Hz 2. 250 Hz 3. 30-40 Hz
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| Membrane adaptation is thought to be due to entry of what ion? How? | 1. Ca+ 2. Ca opens K channels pumping K out of the cell taking it further away from threshold
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| 1. In Lloyd's system, which types are myelinated? Which is the largest? Which is the smallest? Which is unmyelinated? | 1. I II III 2. I 3. IV 4. IV
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| How fast would a myelinates 8m nerve transmit information? | 48 m per s
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| How fast would an unmyelinates 12m nerve transmit information? | 12 m/s
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| 1. Slow adaptation 2. Rapid Adaptation Tonic or phasic? | 1. Tonic 2. Phasic
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| Type I mechanoreceptors : 1. Threshold 2. Adaptation 3. Speed/size | 1. Low threshold 2. slow adapting 3. Fastest/largest
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| Type II mechanoreceptors : threshold, adaptive ability, size/speed | 1. Low threshold 2. Rapidly adapting 3. A little smaller and a little slower than type I
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| Type III mechanoreceptors : threshold, adaptive ability, size/speed | 1. Very high 2. Slow adaptation 3. A little smaller and slower than type II
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| Type IV mechanoreceptors : threshold, adaptive ability, size/speed | 1. Very high 2. Slow adaptation 3. Smallest/slowest
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| Which type receptor is responsible for nociception? | IV
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| All ____ order neurons cross | Second
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| Where are first order neuron cell bodies? | DRG
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| 2nd order spinothalamics/anterolateral system neurons cell bodies are where? | Spinal cors
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| 2nd order distal column neuron cell bodies are located where? | Brainstem
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| 3rd order cell bodies are found where? | Thalamus
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| 1. Anterolateral system/spinothalamics cross over where? 2. Dorsal columns cross over where? | 1. Spinal cord 2. Brainstem
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| T or F A single sensory axon gives us all relevant information? | False: properties of an object are processes by many
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| Four types of sensory information that we can detect | 1. Pressure 2. Cold 3. Warth 4. Nociception
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| 1. Sensation of wet = ___ + ___ 2. Ticklish = ___+___ 3. Itching = ___ + ____ | 1. Light pressure + cold temp 2. Gentle + Pressure 3. Gentle stimulation + Nociceptors
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| What receptors on the finger pads detect extremely fine textures? | Pacinian corpuscles
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| Three rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors | 1. Meisners 2. Hair follicles 3. Pacinian
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| 1. What 2 mechanoreceptors respond to vibration? 2. RA or SA? | 1. Meisner's and Pacinian 2. RA
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| 2 slow adapting mechanoreceptors | Merkel's and Ruffini's
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| Which had a larger receptive field? Superficial or deep mechnoreceptors? | Deep = Pacinian and Ruffini
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| 1. Superficial mechanoreceptors include what two? Smalle or large receptive feild? | 1. Meisner's and Merkel's 2. Small receptive feild
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| Which RA mechanoreptor is more sensitive to increase frequency? | Pacinian (200 Hz)
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| Surround inhibition occurs when? | When 1st order neurons stimulate 2nd order neurons which stimulates neighboring 2nd order neurons
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| 1. Surround inhibition occurs universially where? 2. Enhances __ but not __ | 1. CNS 2. Adges but not Acuity
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| 1. 2 major pathways? 2. Which carry ipsilateral info? why? | 1. Dorsal column - medial lemniscal system, anterolateral system 2. Dorsal/medial-lemniscal system because they don't cross until the brainstem
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| Pain and temp are felt with what system? | Anterolateral system (contralateral)
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| Look at table with mechanoreceptors | sup vs deep etc
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| Damage to left leg may be damage to what part of cord? why? | Left side of dorsal collum medial lemniscal system because these fibers don't cross until the brainstem
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| Which system crossesw in the cord? | Anterolateral system
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| 1. Affects aspects of touch and proprioception 2. Affects senstions of crude touch, nociception, temp, sexual sensation | 1. Dorsolateral-medial lemniscal system 2. Anterolateral system
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| T or F: Most nerve cells are reponsive to multiple modalities? | False: only one modality
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| Broadman ares 3, 1, 2 = what? | S1
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| T or F: there is only one sensory homunculus? | False: Broadman areas 3,1,2 all have their own complete map of body surface
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| Brodmann area 3,1,2: Rapidly adapting cutaneous receptoirs 2. Muscle stretch receptors 3. Cutaneous receptors 4. Deep pressure receptors | 1. 1 2. 3A 3. 3B 4. 2
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| Three types of neurons in the broadmann areas 1 and 2 | Motion sensitive neurons, direction sensitive neurons, orientation sensitive neurons
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| Type of neuron that respond best to movement across a specific axis? | Orientation sensitive neurons
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| Neurons that responds well to movement in all directions | Motion sensitive neurons
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| Two broadmann areas that integrate stereognostic and visual information which projects then to the the frontal lobe? | 5 and 7
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| Broadmaa area of the posterior parietal cortex that intergrates tactile input from the skin with proprioceptive inputs from underlying muscles and joints | 5
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| Where is BA 5 and 7 located? | 5 = posterior to 3,1,2 7 = inferior to 5
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| 1. Secondary somatic sensory cortex (S-II) is locates where? 2. Where does it project its information to? | 1.1. Sylvian fissure 2. Insula or Isle of Reil
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| Projection from __ are required function for S-II | S-1
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| Three things stimulating that can activates nociceptors? | 1. Mechanical stimuli 2. Extremes of thermal stimuli 3. Chemical stimuli
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| T or F : Pain is the same thing as nociception? | False: Pain is the perception of the nociceptive input
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| T or F: Pain is a primitive sensation | True
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| ___ are the least differentiated sensory receptors in the body? | Nociceptors
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| Nociceptors can be sensitized by tissue damage...what does this mean? | Lowers pain threshold...law of faciliation
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| K, Seratonin, bradykini, histamine, prostaglandin, substance P...which causes activation, which cause sensitization? | Prostaglandins and substance P cause sensitization
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| 1. A delta fibers AKA? 2. C fibers AKA? | 1. III 2, IV
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| 1. A delta fibers sense what kind of pain? 2. C fibers sense what kind of pain? | 1. Sharp 2. Dull ache
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| 1. A delta fibers release what neurotransmitter 2. C fibers? | 1.Glutamine 2. Substance P / Glutamine
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| T or F: Sustance P is a fast acting neurotransmitter? | False: Prolongs sensation
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| Localization of pain: A fibers? C fibers? | 1. Good 2. Poor
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| Modes od external stimuli: A delta fibers C fiber? | 1. Mechanical / thermal 2. Plymodal / chemical
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| Termination: A delta? C fibers? | 1. VB of thalamus 2. Diffuse termination
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| 1. C fibers release ___ and __? 2. Which is the fast component? 3. Where do C fibers terminate? | 1. Glutamate and Substance P 2. Glutamate 3. Substantia gelatinosa
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| Which fibers usually terminate in the substantia gelatinosa? | Nociceptive C-Fibers
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| 4 cardinal signs of inflammation? | Robor, Calor, Tumor, Dolar
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| Which between the CNS and PNS responds to the gating theory? | PNS
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| CNS controls pain how? | 1. Direct electrical signals to the brain 2. by use of interneurons (gate control)
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| CNS or PNS uses endogenous opiuds and canabinoids to block pain? | CNS
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| Which two types of fibers block pain in gate-control theory? | A Alpha and B betas (also via tens unit)
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| What neurons are inhibited with endogenous opiods? | 2nd order projection neurons
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| Paraquaductal gra--1--- 2 ---3--- cord ---4--- inhibition of C a A delta fibers | 1. Enkephalins 2. Raphe N 3. Seratonin 4. Enkephalins
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| Cannabinoids receptors in the brain | CB 1
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| 2 endogenous cannabinoids produces by the brain | 1. Anadamide 2. 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
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| What can occur if surgery is used to treat pain? | Pain can return with new sensations never felt before
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| 2 things which may cause irritation of meninges | Alcohol abuse and constipation
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| How does referred pain occur? | First order neuron of the skin and viscera share a common 2nd order neuron
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| How can muscle spam cause headache relating to the pain receptors in the meninges? | There are connective tissue bridges between muscle and dura mater in cervical spine
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| Why can cervical joint dysfunction cause headaches? | Because there is overlap of the CN 5 nuclei down the cord
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| CV V nucleus of termination extends down to where? | C2
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| 1. Extrafusal fibers are innervated by __? 2. Intrafusal? | 1. Alpha motor neurons 2. Gamma motor neurons
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| Are muscl spindles extrafusal or intrafusal fibers? | Intrafusal
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| Afferent iunnervation of muscle spindle cells (2) | Group Ia (large diameter) and group II (small diamter) ... myelinated
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| SPindles are efferently innervated by what? | Gamma motor neurons
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| What are GTOs innervated by? | Ib afferent fibers
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| GTOs are in series with __ fibers? | Extrafusal fibers
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| When spindles are activatesd it initiates a reflec which stimulates __ neurons to contract the muscle | Alpha motor
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| Muscle spindles are __ to extrafusal fibers? | Parallel
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| 1.. Which responds to static stretch of a muscle? (nerve) 2. Dynamic strech? | 1. Group II fibers 2. Group Ia fibers
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| Nuclear chains respond to __ streches. (___ neurons) | 1. Static 2. II
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| 1. What do primary endings sense? 2. Secondary endings? | 1. Dynanic stretches 2. Static lenght of muscle
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| GTOs are innervated by a single __ fiber | Ib
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| 1. Spindles cause __ 2. GTOs cause ___ | 1. Contraction 2. Innibition
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| Do GTOs have a motor neuron? | No
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| What do gamma motor neurons do? | Cause contration of spindle cells to keep their tension relevent to the rest of the muscle. This way they can monitor stretch at any given lenght
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| 3 things that gamma motor neurons are controlled by? | Reticular formations, vestibular system, cutaneuous snesory recetors
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| In a slow muscle contraction __ shortens, slower than ___ fibers. | 1. Intrafusal 2. Extrafusal
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| Spindles in conjuction with GTO provide CNS with what? | Propriocetion
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| Site of neuronal input can be what? | The same site for multiple outputs... site of incomming convergence and site of outgoing divergence
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| IOncresed signal strenght that is transmitted by progrssively greater number of fibers? What is this called? | Spatial summation
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| Increase signal strenght by increasing frequency of IPS | Temporal summation
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| Sum of EPSP is greater that IPSP...will depol occur? | yep
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| What occurs in facilitation? | Closer to threshold but not quite there
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| What phenomena is responsible for long term memory? | LTP - Long Term Perpetion
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| 2 ways signals can be prolonged? | 1. Synaptic afterdischarge 2. Reverbratory Circut
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| Type of signal prolongation in which postive feedback within a circuit due to collateral fibers which restimulate itself or neighboring neurons in the same circuit? | Reverberatory neuron
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| Reverberatory circuit can be subject to ___ or ___ | 1. Facilitation 2. Inhibition
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| Continous intrinsiuc neuronal discharge occurs because of what? (2) | Less negative membrane potential and leaky membrane to Na/Ca
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| In continous Reverberatory signals: IPS ___ with excitation IPS ___ with inhibition | 1. increase 2. decrease
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| What part of the nervous system exhibits continous signal output - self excitatory | ANS
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| Systems in which undergo rhytmic signal output result from what kind of circuit? (example) | Reverberatory circuits (phrenic to diaphragm)
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| Almost every part of the brain connects with every other part (directly or indirectly) This may cause the problem of over excitation...what is this problem caused by? | 1. Inhibitory circuits 2. Fatigue of synapse 3. Decreasing RMP 4. Down regulation of receptors
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| Change in EEG resulting from stimulation of a sensory pathway | Sensxory Evoked Potential
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| EEG are recorded during what? | Repetative natural sitmuli
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| T or F : senbsory evoked potential consist of multiple components related to various aspects of subcortical and cortical processing? | True
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| EPs are clinically usefull for what? (2) | Assessing the function of sensory systems and evaluating demyelinating diseases
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